如何使用 java 比较图像的相似性

Question

最近，作为我的一个项目的一部分，我有机会与 Image Processing Technologies 合作，我的任务是在提供新图像时从图像存储中找到匹配的图像。 我从谷歌搜索“如何使用 java 比较图像”开始我的项目，我得到了一些关于查找两个图像相似性的好文章。 几乎所有这些都基于四个基本步骤，它们是：

1.Locating the Region of Interest (Where the Objects appear in the given image),
2.Re-sizing the ROIs in to a common size,
3.Substracting ROIs,
4.Calculating the Black and White Ratio of the resultant image after subtraction.

虽然这听起来是比较图像的好算法，但在我的项目中使用JAI实现它之后需要相当长的时间。 因此，我必须找到一种替代方法。

有什么建议么？

Answer 1

    **// This API will compare two image file //
// return true if both image files are equal else return false//**
public static boolean compareImage(File fileA, File fileB) {        
    try {
        // take buffer data from botm image files //
        BufferedImage biA = ImageIO.read(fileA);
        DataBuffer dbA = biA.getData().getDataBuffer();
        int sizeA = dbA.getSize();                      
        BufferedImage biB = ImageIO.read(fileB);
        DataBuffer dbB = biB.getData().getDataBuffer();
        int sizeB = dbB.getSize();
        // compare data-buffer objects //
        if(sizeA == sizeB) {
            for(int i=0; i<sizeA; i++) { 
                if(dbA.getElem(i) != dbB.getElem(i)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
        else {
            return false;
        }
    } 
    catch (Exception e) { 
        System.out.println("Failed to compare image files ...");
        return  false;
    }
}

Answer 2

该API将比较两个图像文件并返回相似百分比

public float compareImage(File fileA, File fileB) {

    float percentage = 0;
    try {
        // take buffer data from both image files //
        BufferedImage biA = ImageIO.read(fileA);
        DataBuffer dbA = biA.getData().getDataBuffer();
        int sizeA = dbA.getSize();
        BufferedImage biB = ImageIO.read(fileB);
        DataBuffer dbB = biB.getData().getDataBuffer();
        int sizeB = dbB.getSize();
        int count = 0;
        // compare data-buffer objects //
        if (sizeA == sizeB) {

            for (int i = 0; i < sizeA; i++) {

                if (dbA.getElem(i) == dbB.getElem(i)) {
                    count = count + 1;
                }

            }
            percentage = (count * 100) / sizeA;
        } else {
            System.out.println("Both the images are not of same size");
        }

    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.out.println("Failed to compare image files ...");
    }
    return percentage;
}

Answer 3

根据图像的不同，您可以执行以下操作（伪代码）。 这是非常原始的，但是应该非常有效。 您可以采用随机像素或图案像素而不是每个像素来加快速度。

for x = 0 to image.size:
    for y = 0 to image.size:
        diff += abs(image1.get(x,y).red - image2.get(x,y).red)
        diff += abs(image1.get(x,y).blue - image2.get(x,y).blue)
        diff += abs(image1.get(x,y).green - image2.get(x,y).green)
    end
end

return ((float)(diff)) / ( x * y * 3)

Answer 4

# MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2016 Alex Goodman
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
# this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
# the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
# use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
# of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
# so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.

import io
import os
import sys
import difflib
import argparse
import pygments
import webbrowser
from pygments.lexers import guess_lexer_for_filename
from pygments.lexer import RegexLexer
from pygments.formatters import HtmlFormatter
from pygments.token import *

# Monokai is not quite right yet
PYGMENTS_STYLES = ["vs", "xcode"] 

HTML_TEMPLATE = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="no-js">
    <head>
        <!-- 
          html_title:    browser tab title
          reset_css:     relative path to reset css file
          pygments_css:  relative path to pygments css file
          diff_css:      relative path to diff layout css file
          page_title:    title shown at the top of the page. This should be the filename of the files being diff'd
          original_code: full html contents of original file
          modified_code: full html contents of modified file
          jquery_js:     path to jquery.min.js
          diff_js:       path to diff.js
        -->
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
        <title>
            Text Compare
        </title>
        <meta name="description" content="">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
        <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="%(reset_css)s" type="text/css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="%(diff_css)s" type="text/css">
        <link class="syntaxdef" rel="stylesheet" href="%(pygments_css)s" type="text/css">
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="" id="topbar">
          <div id="filetitle"> 
            JSON Compare
          </div>
          <div class="switches">
            <div class="switch">
              <input id="showoriginal" class="toggle toggle-yes-no menuoption" type="checkbox" checked>
              <label for="showoriginal" data-on="&#10004; Expected" data-off="Expected JSON"></label>
            </div>
            <div class="switch">
              <input id="showmodified" class="toggle toggle-yes-no menuoption" type="checkbox" checked>
              <label for="showmodified" data-on="&#10004; Actual" data-off="Actual JSON"></label>
            </div>
            <div class="switch">
              <input id="highlight" class="toggle toggle-yes-no menuoption" type="checkbox" checked>
              <label for="highlight" data-on="&#10004; Highlight" data-off="Highlight"></label>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div id="maincontainer" class="%(page_width)s">
            <div id="leftcode" class="left-inner-shadow codebox divider-outside-bottom">
                <div class="codefiletab">
                    Expected
                </div>
                <div class="printmargin">
                    01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
                </div>
                %(original_code)s
            </div>
            <div id="rightcode" class="left-inner-shadow codebox divider-outside-bottom">
                <div class="codefiletab">
                    Actual
                </div>
                <div class="printmargin">
                    01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
                </div>
                %(modified_code)s
            </div>
        </div>
<script src="%(jquery_js)s" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="%(diff_js)s" type="text/javascript"></script>
    </body>
</html>
"""


class DefaultLexer(RegexLexer):
    """
    Simply lex each line as a token.
    """

    name = 'Default'
    aliases = ['default']
    filenames = ['*']

    tokens = {
        'root': [
            (r'.*\n', Text),
        ]
    }


class DiffHtmlFormatter(HtmlFormatter):
    """
    Formats a single source file with pygments and adds diff highlights based on the 
    diff details given.
    """
    isLeft = False
    diffs = None

    def __init__(self, isLeft, diffs, *args, **kwargs):
        self.isLeft = isLeft
        self.diffs = diffs
        super(DiffHtmlFormatter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def wrap(self, source, outfile):
        return self._wrap_code(source)

    def getDiffLineNos(self):
        retlinenos = []
        for idx, ((left_no, left_line), (right_no, right_line), change) in enumerate(self.diffs):
            no = None
            if self.isLeft:
                if change:
                    if isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int):
                        no = '<span class="lineno_q lineno_leftchange">' + \
                            str(left_no) + "</span>"
                    elif isinstance(left_no, int) and not isinstance(right_no, int):
                        no = '<span class="lineno_q lineno_leftdel">' + \
                            str(left_no) + "</span>"
                    elif not isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int):
                        no = '<span class="lineno_q lineno_leftadd">  </span>'
                else:
                    no = '<span class="lineno_q">' + str(left_no) + "</span>"
            else:
                if change:
                    if isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int):
                        no = '<span class="lineno_q lineno_rightchange">' + \
                            str(right_no) + "</span>"
                    elif isinstance(left_no, int) and not isinstance(right_no, int):
                        no = '<span class="lineno_q lineno_rightdel">  </span>'
                    elif not isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int):
                        no = '<span class="lineno_q lineno_rightadd">' + \
                            str(right_no) + "</span>"
                else:
                    no = '<span class="lineno_q">' + str(right_no) + "</span>"

            retlinenos.append(no)

        return retlinenos

    def _wrap_code(self, source):
        source = list(source)
        yield 0, '<pre>'

        for idx, ((left_no, left_line), (right_no, right_line), change) in enumerate(self.diffs):
            # print idx, ((left_no, left_line),(right_no, right_line),change)
            try:
                if self.isLeft:
                    if change:
                        if isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int) and left_no <= len(source):
                            i, t = source[left_no - 1]
                            t = '<span class="left_diff_change">' + t + "</span>"
                        elif isinstance(left_no, int) and not isinstance(right_no, int) and left_no <= len(source):
                            i, t = source[left_no - 1]
                            t = '<span class="left_diff_del">' + t + "</span>"
                        elif not isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int):
                            i, t = 1, left_line
                            t = '<span class="left_diff_add">' + t + "</span>"
                        else:
                            raise
                    else:
                        if left_no <= len(source):
                            i, t = source[left_no - 1]
                        else:
                            i = 1
                            t = left_line
                else:
                    if change:
                        if isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int) and right_no <= len(source):
                            i, t = source[right_no - 1]
                            t = '<span class="right_diff_change">' + t + "</span>"
                        elif isinstance(left_no, int) and not isinstance(right_no, int):
                            i, t = 1, right_line
                            t = '<span class="right_diff_del">' + t + "</span>"
                        elif not isinstance(left_no, int) and isinstance(right_no, int) and right_no <= len(source):
                            i, t = source[right_no - 1]
                            t = '<span class="right_diff_add">' + t + "</span>"
                        else:
                            raise
                    else:
                        if right_no <= len(source):
                            i, t = source[right_no - 1]
                        else:
                            i = 1
                            t = right_line
                yield i, t
            except:
                # print "WARNING! failed to enumerate diffs fully!"
                pass  # this is expected sometimes
        yield 0, '\n</pre>'

    def _wrap_tablelinenos(self, inner):
        dummyoutfile = io.StringIO()
        lncount = 0
        for t, line in inner:
            if t:
                lncount += 1

            # compatibility Python v2/v3
            if sys.version_info > (3,0):
                dummyoutfile.write(line)
            else:
                dummyoutfile.write(unicode(line))

        fl = self.linenostart
        mw = len(str(lncount + fl - 1))
        sp = self.linenospecial
        st = self.linenostep
        la = self.lineanchors
        aln = self.anchorlinenos
        nocls = self.noclasses

        lines = []
        for i in self.getDiffLineNos():
            lines.append('%s' % (i,))

        ls = ''.join(lines)

        # in case you wonder about the seemingly redundant <div> here: since the
        # content in the other cell also is wrapped in a div, some browsers in
        # some configurations seem to mess up the formatting...
        if nocls:
            yield 0, ('<ul class="%stable">' % self.cssclass +
                      '<li><div><div class="linenodiv" '
                      'style="background-color: #f0f0f0; padding-right: 10px">'
                      '<pre style="line-height: 125%">' +
                      ls + '</pre></div></div><div class="code">')
        else:
            yield 0, ('<ul class="%stable">' % self.cssclass +
                      '<li><div class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre>' +
                      ls + '</pre></div></div><div class="code">')
        yield 0, dummyoutfile.getvalue()
        yield 0, '</div></li></ul>'


class CodeDiff(object):
    """
    Manages a pair of source files and generates a single html diff page comparing
    the contents.
    """
    pygmentsCssFile = "./Dependencies/deps/codeformats/%s.css"
    diffCssFile = "./Dependencies/deps/diff.css"
    diffJsFile = "./Dependencies/deps/diff.js"
    resetCssFile = "./Dependencies/deps/reset.css"
    jqueryJsFile = "./Dependencies/deps/jquery.min.js"

    def __init__(self, fromfile, tofile, fromtxt=None, totxt=None, name=None):
        self.filename = name
        self.fromfile = fromfile
        if fromtxt == None:
            try:
                with io.open(fromfile,encoding = 'utf-8') as f:
                    self.fromlines = f.readlines()
            except Exception as e:
                print("Problem reading file %s" % fromfile)
                print(e)
                sys.exit(1)
        else:
            self.fromlines = [n + "\n" for n in fromtxt.split("\n") if line.strip() != ""]
            
        self.leftcode = "".join(self.fromlines)

        self.tofile = tofile
        if totxt == None:
            try:
                with io.open(tofile, encoding = 'utf-8') as f:
                    self.tolines = f.readlines()
            except Exception as e:
                print("Problem reading file %s" % tofile)
                print(e)
                sys.exit(1)
        else:
            self.tolines = [n + "\n" for n in totxt.split("\n") if line.strip() != ""]
            
        self.rightcode = "".join(self.tolines)

    def getDiffDetails(self, fromdesc='', todesc='', context=False, numlines=5, tabSize=8):
        # change tabs to spaces before it gets more difficult after we insert
        # markkup
        def expand_tabs(line):
            # hide real spaces
            line = line.replace(' ', '\0')
            # expand tabs into spaces
            line = line.expandtabs(tabSize)
            # replace spaces from expanded tabs back into tab characters
            # (we'll replace them with markup after we do differencing)
            line = line.replace(' ', '\t')
            return line.replace('\0', ' ').rstrip('\n')

        self.fromlines = [expand_tabs(line) for line in self.fromlines]
        self.tolines = [expand_tabs(line) for line in self.tolines]

        # create diffs iterator which generates side by side from/to data
        if context:
            context_lines = numlines
        else:
            context_lines = None

        diffs = difflib._mdiff(self.fromlines, self.tolines, context_lines,
                               linejunk=None, charjunk=difflib.IS_CHARACTER_JUNK)
        return list(diffs)

    def format(self, options):
        self.diffs = self.getDiffDetails(self.fromfile, self.tofile)

        if options.verbose:
            for diff in self.diffs:
                print("%-6s %-80s %-80s" % (diff[2], diff[0], diff[1]))

        fields = ((self.leftcode, True, self.fromfile),
                  (self.rightcode, False, self.tofile))

        codeContents = []
        for (code, isLeft, filename) in fields:

            inst = DiffHtmlFormatter(isLeft,
                                     self.diffs,
                                     nobackground=False,
                                     linenos=True,
                                     style=options.syntax_css)

            try:
                self.lexer = guess_lexer_for_filename(self.filename, code)

            except pygments.util.ClassNotFound:
                if options.verbose:
                    print("No Lexer Found! Using default...")

                self.lexer = DefaultLexer()

            formatted = pygments.highlight(code, self.lexer, inst)

            codeContents.append(formatted)

        answers = {
            "html_title":     self.filename,
            "reset_css":      self.resetCssFile,
            "pygments_css":   self.pygmentsCssFile % options.syntax_css,
            "diff_css":       self.diffCssFile,
            "page_title":     self.filename,
            "original_code":  codeContents[0],
            "modified_code":  codeContents[1],
            "jquery_js":      self.jqueryJsFile,
            "diff_js":        self.diffJsFile,
            "page_width":     "page-80-width" if options.print_width else "page-full-width"
        }

        self.htmlContents = HTML_TEMPLATE % answers

    def write(self, path):
        fh = io.open(path, 'w',encoding='utf-8')
        fh.write(self.htmlContents)
        fh.close()


def main(file1, file2, outputpath, options):
    codeDiff = CodeDiff(file1, file2, name=file2)
    codeDiff.format(options)
    codeDiff.write(outputpath)

def show(outputpath):
    path = os.path.abspath(outputpath)
    webbrowser.open('file://' + path)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    description = """Given two source files this application\
creates an html page which highlights the differences between the two. """

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
    parser.add_argument('-s', '--show', action='store_true',
                        help='show html in a browser.')
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--print-width', action='store_true', 
        help='Restrict code to 80 columns wide. (printer friendly in landscape)')
    parser.add_argument('-c', '--syntax-css', action='store', default="vs",
        help='Pygments CSS for code syntax highlighting. Can be one of: %s' % str(PYGMENTS_STYLES))
    parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true', help='show verbose output.')
    parser.add_argument('file1', help='source file to compare ("before" file).')
    parser.add_argument('file2', help='source file to compare ("after" file).')
    parser.add_argument('otpath', help='diff file("after" file).')

    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.syntax_css not in PYGMENTS_STYLES:
        raise ValueError("Syntax CSS (-c) must be one of %r." % PYGMENTS_STYLES)

    outputpath = args.otpath
    main(args.file1, args.file2, outputpath, args)
    if args.show:
        show(outputpath)