为PIL构建_imaging扩展时出现gcc-4.0错误

Question

When I install PIL (or pillow), the _imaging C module does not install.

This is a common error, and have seen ApPeL's play-by-play solution that most have found helpful. Unfortunately, when I run sudo python setup.py install , I get the following error:

running install
running build
running build_py
running build_ext
--- using frameworks at /System/Library/Frameworks
building '_imaging' extension
gcc-4.0 -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -dynamic -arch ppc -arch i386 -g -O2 -DNDEBUG -g -O3 -DHAVE_LIBJPEG -DHAVE_LIBZ -I/System/Library/Frameworks/Tcl.framework/Headers -I/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Headers -IlibImaging -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c _imaging.c -o build/temp.macosx-10.3-fat-2.7/_imaging.o
unable to execute gcc-4.0: No such file or directory
error: command 'gcc-4.0' failed with exit status 1

When I run python in the shell, and try to import the modules, I get these import errors:

Santiagos-MacBook-Air:Imaging-1.1.7 sgarza621$ python
Python 2.7.3 (v2.7.3:70274d53c1dd, Apr  9 2012, 20:32:06) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import PIL
>>> import Image
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: No module named Image
>>> import _imaging
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: No module named _imaging

I've had similar errors previously, and Ned Deily has been kind enough to provide solutions . I believe my current problem may be linked to this previous question:

OSX: error when installing Python packages (including this as reference)

Here's some other potentially useful information:

Santiagos-MacBook-Air:Imaging-1.1.7 sgarza621$ python
Python 2.7.3 (v2.7.3:70274d53c1dd, Apr  9 2012, 20:32:06) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

---

Santiagos-MacBook-Air:Imaging-1.1.7 sgarza621$ gcc
i686-apple-darwin11-llvm-gcc-4.2: no input files

---

Santiagos-MacBook-Air:Imaging-1.1.7 sgarza621$ which python
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python

---

Santiagos-MacBook-Air:Imaging-1.1.7 sgarza621$ echo $PATH
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin

I'm not very familiar with the ins and outs if gcc, Xcode, or PIL. So, if you don't mind, please provide detailed responses so that I understand how to act on your solution. Also, let me know if I can provide more details, and I will edit them into the question.

---

EDIT:

I've installed pillow with pip, as suggested by MattDMo , Image now imports successfully, but _imaging does not (I believe the c extensions aren't being properly compiled by gcc on my machine, see above):

Santiagos-MacBook-Air:riotry_mobile sgarza621$ python
Python 2.7.3 (v2.7.3:70274d53c1dd, Apr  9 2012, 20:32:06) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import Image
>>> import _imaging
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: dlopen(/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/_imaging.so, 2): Symbol not found: _jpeg_resync_to_restart
  Referenced from: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/_imaging.so
  Expected in: dynamic lookup

I'm using PIL to process images on a Django web app, and I get the following error when I try to upload an image through a form for processing by PIL:

The _imaging C module is not installed

---

SECOND EDIT:

Here's more information, related to the python and gcc, which I hope will shed light on the problem:

$ which python
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python
$ /usr/bin/python -c 'import sys;print(sys.version)'
2.7.2 (default, Jun 16 2012, 12:38:40) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple Clang 4.0 (tags/Apple/clang-418.0.60)]
$ /usr/bin/python2.7 -c 'import sys;print(sys.version)'
2.7.2 (default, Jun 16 2012, 12:38:40) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple Clang 4.0 (tags/Apple/clang-418.0.60)]

Answer 1

Many if not all of your problems (hopefully) can be solved by using Pillow instead. PIL development was just kind of halted a while back, and unfortunately the code wasn't forwards-compatible in any way, so as compilers and Python matured, errors crept in. The Pillow fork is stable, actively developed, and pretty widespread, so you can feel safe using it. Version 2.0 has a bunch of enhancements, including Python 3 support. You'll have to use from PIL import Image instead of import Image , though. Good luck!

Answer 2

Wow. I hope this helps people who have the same problem in the future, because that was brutal.

The solution was to install the python.org 64-bit/32-bit installer for Mac, as outlined in Ned Deily's answer to the question “…can't figure out the architecture type of…” problem when compiling Python C-extension with gcc .

First, I made sure that the default python was this new python (just by running python in the shell).

Then, I reinstalled pip , and ran pip install PIL . And that did it!

Just to make sure, I opened up python in the shell, and imported the three modules:

>>> import PIL
>>> import Image
>>> import _imaging

All of them (finally) imported without errors.