指针和数组：指针的指针

Question

I am not getting how the following thing is working?

void main()
{
    static int a[] = {10, 12, 23, 43, 43};
    int *p[] = {a, a + 1, a + 2, a + 3, a + 4};
    int **ptr = p;
    ptr++;
    printf("%d,%d,%d", ptr - p, *ptr - a, **ptr);
}

This is giving the output as 1 1 10 . I get that **ptr gives the value stored at ptr but why is ptr-p giving 1 should it not give sizeof(int) ?

Answer 1

To explain output I commented the of code snippet:

#include <stdio.h>                                                                                                 

int main()                                                                                                         
{                                                                                                                  
   // a is an array of integers                                                                                    
   static int a[]={10, 12, 23, 43, 43};                                                                            

   // p is an array of integer pointers. Each of the element, holds address of elements in array "a"               
   // p[0] = &a[0], p[1] = &a[1], p[2] = &a[2], p[3]=&a[3], p[4]=&a[4]                                             
   int *p[]={a, a + 1, a + 2, a + 3, a + 4};                                                                       

   // ptr is a pointer to an integer pointer. Ptr holds base address of array "p"                                  
   // ptr = &p[0]                                                                                                  
   // *ptr = *(&p[0]) = p[0]                                                                                       
   // **ptr = *(p[0]) = *(&a[0]) = a[0] = 10                                                                       
   int **ptr = p;                                                                                                  

   // ptr was pointing to zeroth element in the p array, which is p[0].                                            
   // Incrementing pointers, makes it to move by X bytes and hence point to the next element.                      
   // where X = sizeof(int *). int* is p's datatype.                                                               
   ptr++;                                                                                                          

   // ptr = &p[1]                                                                                                  
   // *ptr = *(&p[1]) = p[1]                                                                                       
   // **ptr = *(p[1]) = *(&a[1]) = a[1] = 12                                                                       

   // pointer difference is measured by the number of elements                                                     
   // since ptr points to p+1. difference is 1                                                                     
   printf("ptr - p: %p\n", (void*)(ptr - p) );                                                                     

   // ptr holds address of p+1. *ptr holds value of p[1], which as explained in the above holds address of a[1].   
   // Hence difference of (a+1) - a is 1                                                                           
   printf("*ptr - a: %p\n", (void* )(*ptr - a));                                                                   

   // ptr holds address of p+1. *ptr holds address of a[1]. **ptr holds value of a[1].                             
   printf("**ptr: %d\n", **ptr);                                                                                   
   return 0;                                                                                                       
}

Have printf statements and validate the comments I have provided in the program for better understanding.

For Example. Compare p[0] and &a[0] . Compare *p[3] and a[3] .

Hope the code and the comments help you.

Provided code is compilable and output on my screen is

ptr - p: 0x1
*ptr - a: 0x1
**ptr: 12

Answer 2

In pointer arithmetic, ptr - p will output the number of elements from p to ptr , not the size from p to ptr . The size of elements is not relevant.

BTW, your code doesn't compile. A minimal example to illustrate your question looks like this:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    static int a[] = {10,12,23,43,43};
    int *p = a;
    int *ptr = p;
    ptr++;
    printf("%p %p %d\n", (void*)ptr, (void *)p, ptr - p);
    return 0;
}

Output on my machine:

0x600b44 0x600b40 1

Answer 3

Pointer arithmetic is done using the size of the element pointed to. Since you used ++ on ptr , the difference is going to be 1 no matter what type ptr is.