class vs Class.new，模块vs Module.new

Question

What is difference between class and Class.new & module and Module.new ?

I know that:

1. Class.new / Module.new create an anonymous class / module . When we assign it to constant for the first time it becomes name of that class / module . class / module do this automatically.

2. When we want to inherit, we can pass an argument: Class.new(ancestor) . When we don't specify an ancestor, it is set to the Object . class use this syntax: class A < Ancestor

3. Class.new returns an object . class A returns nil . Same goes for module s.

Did I miss something?

Answer 1

The interesting point that you missed between class keyword and Class::new is - Class::new accepts block. So when you will be creating a class object using Class::new you can also access to the surrounding variables. Because block is closure . But this is not possible, when you will be creating a class using the keyword class . Because class creates a brand new scope which has no knowledge about the outside world. Let me give you some examples.

Here I am creating a class using keyword class :

count = 2

class Foo
    puts count
end
# undefined local variable or method `count' for Foo:Class (NameError)

Here one using Class.new :

count = 2
Foo = Class.new do |c|
    puts count
end
# >> 2

The same difference goes with keyword module and Module::new .

Answer 2

Class.new returns an object . class A returns nil . Same goes for module s.

That's wrong. A class/module definition returns the value of the last expression evaluated inside of the class/module body:

class Foo
  42
end
# => 42

Typically, the last expression evaluated inside of a class/module body will be a method definition expression, which in current versions of Ruby returns a Symbol denoting the name of the method:

class Foo
  def bar; end
end
# => :bar

In older versions of Ruby, the return value of a method definition expression was implementation-defined. Rubinius returned a CompiledMethod object for the method in question, whereas YARV and most others simply returned nil .