Clojure中-toString与.toString的区别

Question

Following the explanation about :gen-class in The Anatomy of gen-class , I used leiningen to get the class files.

1. leon new pinger to create a project.
2. cd src and mkdir some and created a Example.clj file in it.
3. Added :aot [some.Example] (or :aot :all ) in project.clj .

The Example.clj is as follows:

(ns some.Example
  (:gen-class))

(defn -toString
  [this]
  "Hello, World!")

Then I executed lein compile to get the classes in target directory.

Then, I was executing this code with lein repl .

(-toString (some.Example.)) ; should return "Hello, World!"

However, I got this error message.

CompilerException java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to resolve symbol: 
-toString in this context, compiling:(/private/var/folders/nw/dmb7jh3d2hq89296z2gnntqm0000gn/T/form-
init7145760420048735997.clj:1:1) 

.toString works fine.

user=> (.toString (some.Example.))
"Hello, World!"

The website explains that I should get the same results from both -toString and .toString , but I got only correct results with .toString .

What's the difference between -toString and .toString in Clojure? Why -toString raises an error in the example?

Answer 1

First, some terminology:

1. (.toString (some.Example.)) is a call to the toString method of the newly constructed some.Example instance.

2. (-toString (some.Example.)) is a regular Clojure function call, with -toString being the name of a Clojure Var storing a function and (some.Example.) being its sole argument.

:gen-class arranges things so that the -toString Var backs the toString method; that is, any call to the toString method of a some.Example instance results in a call to -toString . So it is indeed the case that just calling -toString directly is equivalent.

However, before you can call a Clojure function by referring to the Var in which it's stored, you need to make sure the namespace in which this Var lives has been loaded (not a problem here, given that you were able to construct an instance of some.Example ) and then either refer to the Var by its fully-qualified name, or else use refer , use , require or alias to make it possible to refer to it by a shorter name:

(some.Example/-toString ...)

(use '[some.Example :only [-toString]])
(-toString ...)

(require '[some.Example :refer [-toString]])
(-toString ...)

(require '[some.Example :as se])
(se/-toString ...)

;; refer and alias are typically not used directly

If you say -toString without first using refer , use or require as shown above ¹ , Clojure will attempt to resolve the symbol -toString to a Var in the current namespace (typically user in REPL sessions; with lein repl it may be the :main namespace from your defproject form).

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¹ That's speaking about the REPL. In a source file, you'd typically use :use or :require in your ns form; the syntax is the same as for use / require minus the quoting.