比较两个map :: iterators：为什么需要std :: pair的拷贝构造函数？

Question

The very simple code below compiles and links without a warning in C++98 but gives an incomprehensible compile error in C++11 mode.

#include <map>

struct A {
    A(A& ); // <-- const missing
};

int main() {
    std::map<int, A> m;
    return m.begin() == m.end(); // line 9
}

The error with -std=c++11 is, gcc version 4.9.0 20140302 (experimental) (GCC):

ali@X230:~/tmp$ ~/gcc/install/bin/g++ -std=c++11 cctor.cpp 
In file included from /home/ali/gcc/install/include/c++/4.9.0/bits/stl_algobase.h:64:0,
                 from /home/ali/gcc/install/include/c++/4.9.0/bits/stl_tree.h:61,
                 from /home/ali/gcc/install/include/c++/4.9.0/map:60,
                 from cctor.cpp:1:
/home/ali/gcc/install/include/c++/4.9.0/bits/stl_pair.h: In instantiation of ‘struct std::pair’:
cctor.cpp:9:31:   required from here
/home/ali/gcc/install/include/c++/4.9.0/bits/stl_pair.h:127:17: error: ‘constexpr std::pair::pair(const std::pair&) [with _T1 = const int; _T2 = A]’ declared to take const reference, but implicit declaration would take non-const
       constexpr pair(const pair&) = default;
                 ^

with clang version 3.5 (trunk 202594)

ali@X230:~/tmp$ clang++ -Weverything -std=c++11 cctor.cpp 
In file included from cctor.cpp:1:
In file included from /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/../../../../include/c++/4.7/map:60:
In file included from /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/../../../../include/c++/4.7/bits/stl_tree.h:63:
In file included from /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/../../../../include/c++/4.7/bits/stl_algobase.h:65:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/../../../../include/c++/4.7/bits/stl_pair.h:119:17: error: the parameter for this explicitly-defaulted copy constructor is const, but
      a member or base requires it to be non-const
      constexpr pair(const pair&) = default;
                ^
cctor.cpp:9:22: note: in instantiation of template class 'std::pair' requested here
    return m.begin() == m.end(); // line 9
                     ^
1 error generated.

I have been looking at the code in bits/stl_tree.h and I don't understand why it is trying to instantiate std::pair .

Why does it need the copy constructor of std::pair in C++11?

---

_{Note: the above code was extracted from Equality operator (==) unsupported on map iterators for non-copyable maps .}

---

SOLUTION

There are two unfortunate issues here.

Poor quality error messages: Line 8 should already give a compile error although the error messages are only complaining about line 9 . Getting an error on line 8 would be quite helpful and understanding the real problem would be much easier. I will probably submit a bug report / feature request if this issue is still present in gcc / clang trunk.

The other issue is what ecatmur writes. Consider the following code:

struct A {
    A() = default;
    A(A& ); // <-- const missing
};

template<class T>
struct B {
    B() = default;
    B(const B& ) = default;
    T t;
};

int main() {
  B<A> b;  
}

It fails to compile. Even though the copy constructor is not needed anywhere, it is still instantiated because it is defaulted inline, in the body of the class; this leads to the compile error. This can be fixed by moving the copy constructor out of the body of the class:

template<class T>
struct B {
    B() = default;
    B(const B& );
    T t;
};

template <class T>
B<T>::B(const B& ) = default;

Everything is OK then. Unfortunately, std::pair has a default defined inline copy constructor.

Answer 1

The copy constructor of std::pair isn't needed in this case, but because it is default defined inline in the declaration of std::pair , it is automatically instantiated along with the instantiation of std::pair itself.

It would be possible for the standard library to provide a non-inline default definition of the copy constructor:

template<class _T1, class _T2>
  struct pair
  {
// ...
    constexpr pair(const pair&);
// ...
  };
// ...
template<class _T1, class _T2>
constexpr pair<_T1, _T2>::pair(const pair&) = default;

However this would not accord with the strict letter of the standard (clause 20.3.2), where the copy constructor is default defined inline:

  constexpr pair(const pair&) = default; 

Answer 2

I think I found it after trying to reduce the error. First, the comparison doesn't seem required to make the program ill-formed. Then, the error message contained the dtor, so I tried not to instantiate the dtor. Result:

#include <map>

struct A {
    A(A& ); // <-- const missing
};

int main() {
    std::map<int, A>* m = new std::map<int, A>();
    // note: dtor not (necessarily?) instantiated
}

But the output message still contains, now for the line where the ctor of m is called:

error: the parameter for this explicitly-defaulted copy constructor is const, but a member or base requires it to be non-const

  constexpr pair(const pair&) = default; 

Which hints to [dcl.fct.def.default]/4

A user-provided explicitly-defaulted function (ie, explicitly defaulted after its first declaration) is defined at the point where it is explicitly defaulted; if such a function is implicitly defined as deleted, the program is ill-formed .

[emphasis mine]

If, as I assume, [class.copy]/11 says that this ctor should be defined as deleted, then it is defined as deleted immediately - not only when it's odr-used. Therefore, an instantiation shouldn't be required to make the program ill-formed.

Answer 3

std::map uses std::pair to store key-value pairs, where the key (the first element) is const .

The compiler error relates to the required copy constructor for std::pair , even if it isn't being used (which I don't think it is).

std::pair<int, A> has to be generated. This is first required with the call to map::begin. Since no explicit copy constructor is given for this type, the implicit one used.

The implicit constructor will have signature T::T(const T&) only if all non-static members of T, (type S), have copy constructors S::S(const S&) (the same requirement has to hold for T's base types copy constructors). Otherwise a copy constructor with signature T::T(T&) is used instead.

A's copy constructor fails this requirement, so std::pair::pair has the wrong signature for the STL, which requires T::T(const T&).