Scala的隐藏性能成本？

Question

I came across this old question and did the following experiment with scala 2.10.3.

I rewrote the Scala version to use explicit tail recursion:

import scala.annotation.tailrec

object ScalaMain {
  private val t = 20

  private def run() {
    var i = 10
    while(!isEvenlyDivisible(2, i, t))
      i += 2
    println(i)
  }

  @tailrec private def isEvenlyDivisible(i: Int, a: Int, b: Int): Boolean = {
    if (i > b) true
    else (a % i == 0) && isEvenlyDivisible(i+1, a, b)
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]) {
    val t1 = System.currentTimeMillis()
    var i = 0
    while (i < 20) {
      run()
      i += 1
    }
    val t2 = System.currentTimeMillis()
    println("time: " + (t2 - t1))
  }
}

and compared it to the following Java version. I consciously made the functions non-static for a fair comparison with Scala:

public class JavaMain {
    private final int t = 20;

    private void run() {
        int i = 10;
        while (!isEvenlyDivisible(2, i, t))
            i += 2;
        System.out.println(i);
    }

    private boolean isEvenlyDivisible(int i, int a, int b) {
        if (i > b) return true;
        else return (a % i == 0) && isEvenlyDivisible(i+1, a, b);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JavaMain o = new JavaMain();
        long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
          o.run();
        long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("time: " + (t2 - t1));
    }
}

Here are the results on my computer:

> java JavaMain
....
time: 9651
> scala ScalaMain
....
time: 20592

This is scala 2.10.3 on (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.7.0_51).

My question is what is the hidden cost with the scala version?

Many thanks.

Answer 1

Well, OP's benchmarking is not the ideal one. Tons of effects need to be mitigated, including warmup, dead code elimination, forking, etc. Luckily, JMH already takes care of many things, and has bindings for both Java and Scala. Please follow the procedures on JMH page to get the benchmark project, then you can transplant the benchmarks below there.

This is the sample Java benchmark:

@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)
@State(Scope.Benchmark)
@Fork(3)
@Warmup(iterations = 5)
@Measurement(iterations = 5)
public class JavaBench {

    @Param({"1", "5", "10", "15", "20"})
    int t;

    private int run() {
        int i = 10;
        while(!isEvenlyDivisible(2, i, t))
            i += 2;
        return i;
    }

    private boolean isEvenlyDivisible(int i, int a, int b) {
        if (i > b)
            return true;
        else
            return (a % i == 0) && isEvenlyDivisible(i + 1, a, b);
    }

    @GenerateMicroBenchmark
    public int test() {
        return run();
    }

}

...and this is the sample Scala benchmark:

@BenchmarkMode(Array(Mode.AverageTime))
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)
@State(Scope.Benchmark)
@Fork(3)
@Warmup(iterations = 5)
@Measurement(iterations = 5)
class ScalaBench {

  @Param(Array("1", "5", "10", "15", "20"))
  var t: Int = _

  private def run(): Int = {
    var i = 10
    while(!isEvenlyDivisible(2, i, t))
      i += 2
    i
  }

  @tailrec private def isEvenlyDivisible(i: Int, a: Int, b: Int): Boolean = {
    if (i > b) true
    else (a % i == 0) && isEvenlyDivisible(i + 1, a, b)
  }

  @GenerateMicroBenchmark
  def test(): Int = {
    run()
  }

}

If you run these on JDK 8 GA, Linux x86_64, then you'll get:

Benchmark             (t)   Mode   Samples         Mean   Mean error    Units
o.s.ScalaBench.test     1   avgt        15        0.005        0.000    us/op
o.s.ScalaBench.test     5   avgt        15        0.489        0.001    us/op
o.s.ScalaBench.test    10   avgt        15       23.672        0.087    us/op
o.s.ScalaBench.test    15   avgt        15     3406.492        9.239    us/op
o.s.ScalaBench.test    20   avgt        15  2483221.694     5973.236    us/op

Benchmark            (t)   Mode   Samples         Mean   Mean error    Units
o.s.JavaBench.test     1   avgt        15        0.002        0.000    us/op
o.s.JavaBench.test     5   avgt        15        0.254        0.007    us/op
o.s.JavaBench.test    10   avgt        15       12.578        0.098    us/op
o.s.JavaBench.test    15   avgt        15     1628.694       11.282    us/op
o.s.JavaBench.test    20   avgt        15  1066113.157    11274.385    us/op

Notice we juggle t to see if the effect is local for the particular value of t . It is not, the effect is systematic, and Java version being twice as fast.

PrintAssembly will shed some light on this. This one is the hottest block in Scala benchmark:

0x00007fe759199d42: test   %r8d,%r8d
0x00007fe759199d45: je     0x00007fe759199d76  ;*irem
                                               ; - org.sample.ScalaBench::isEvenlyDivisible@11 (line 52)
                                               ; - org.sample.ScalaBench::run@10 (line 45)
0x00007fe759199d47: mov    %ecx,%eax
0x00007fe759199d49: cmp    $0x80000000,%eax
0x00007fe759199d4e: jne    0x00007fe759199d58
0x00007fe759199d50: xor    %edx,%edx
0x00007fe759199d52: cmp    $0xffffffffffffffff,%r8d
0x00007fe759199d56: je     0x00007fe759199d5c
0x00007fe759199d58: cltd   
0x00007fe759199d59: idiv   %r8d

...and this is similar block in Java:

0x00007f4a811848cf: movslq %ebp,%r10
0x00007f4a811848d2: mov    %ebp,%r9d
0x00007f4a811848d5: sar    $0x1f,%r9d
0x00007f4a811848d9: imul   $0x55555556,%r10,%r10
0x00007f4a811848e0: sar    $0x20,%r10
0x00007f4a811848e4: mov    %r10d,%r11d
0x00007f4a811848e7: sub    %r9d,%r11d         ;*irem
                                              ; - org.sample.JavaBench::isEvenlyDivisible@9 (line 63)
                                              ; - org.sample.JavaBench::isEvenlyDivisible@19 (line 63)
                                              ; - org.sample.JavaBench::run@10 (line 54)

Notice how in Java version the compiler employed the trick for translating integer remainder calculation into the multiplication and shifting right (see Hacker's Delight, Ch. 10, Sect. 19). This is possible when compiler detects we compute the remainder against the constant, which suggests Java version hit that sweet optimization, but Scala version did not. You can dig into the bytecode disassembly to figure out what quirk in scalac have intervened, but the point of this exercise is that surprising minute differences in code generation are magnified by benchmarks a lot.

PS So much for @tailrec ...

UPDATE: A more thorough explanation of the effect: http://shipilev.net/blog/2014/java-scala-divided-we-fail/

Answer 2

I changed the val

private val t = 20

to a constant definition

private final val t = 20

and got a significant performance boost, now it seems that both versions perform almost equally [on my system, see update and comments].

I have not looked into into the bytecode, but if you use val t = 20 you can see using javap that there is a method (and that version is as slow as the one with the private val ).

So I assume that even a private val involves calling a method, and that's not directly comparable with a final in Java.

Update

On my system I got these results

Java version : time: 14725

Scala version: time: 13228

Using OpenJDK 1.7 on a 32-Bit Linux.

In my experience Oracle's JDK on a 64-Bit system does actually perform better, so this probably explains that other measurements yield even better results in favour of the Scala version.

As for the Scala version performing better I assume that tail recursion optimization does have an effect here (see Phil's answer, if the Java version is rewritten to use a loop instead of recursion, it performs equally again).

Answer 3

I looked at this question and edited the Scala version to have t inside run :

object ScalaMain {
  private def run() {
    val t = 20
    var i = 10
    while(!isEvenlyDivisible(2, i, t))
      i += 2
    println(i)
  }

  @tailrec private def isEvenlyDivisible(i: Int, a: Int, b: Int): Boolean = {
    if (i > b) true
    else (a % i == 0) && isEvenlyDivisible(i+1, a, b)
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]) {
    val t1 = System.currentTimeMillis()
    var i = 0
    while (i < 20) {
      run()
      i += 1
    }
    val t2 = System.currentTimeMillis()
    println("time: " + (t2 - t1))
  }
}

The new Scala version now runs twice as fast as the original Java one:

> fsc ScalaMain.scala
> scala ScalaMain
....
time: 6373
> fsc -optimize ScalaMain.scala
....
time: 4703

I figured out it is because Java not having tail calls. The optimized Java one with loop instead of recursion runs just as fast:

public class JavaMain {
    private static final int t = 20;

    private void run() {
        int i = 10;
        while (!isEvenlyDivisible(i, t))
            i += 2;
        System.out.println(i);
    }

    private boolean isEvenlyDivisible(int a, int b) {
        for (int i = 2; i <= b; ++i) {
            if (a % i != 0)
                 return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JavaMain o = new JavaMain();
        long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
            o.run();
        long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("time: " + (t2 - t1));
    }
}

Now my confusion is fully solved:

> java JavaMain
....
time: 4795

In conclusion, the original Scala version was slow because I didn't declare t to be final (directly or indirectly, as Beryllium 's answer points out). And the original Java version was slow due to lack of tail calls.

Answer 4

To make the Java version completely equivalent to your Scala code you need to change it like this.

private int t = 20;


private int t() {
    return this.t;
}

private void run() {
    int i = 10;
    while (!isEvenlyDivisible(2, i, t()))
        i += 2;
    System.out.println(i);
}

It is slower because the JVM can not optimize the method calls.