接口方法可以有主体吗？

Question

I know that an interface is like a 100% pure abstract class. So, it can't have method implementation in it. But, I saw a strange code. Can anyone explain it?

Code Snippet:

 interface Whoa {
        public static void doStuff() {
            System.out.println("This is not default implementation");
        }
 }

EDIT:

My IDE is Intellij Idea 13.1. The project SDK is java 7 <1.7.0_25>. The IDE is not showing any compiler error. But, When I compile the code at command line I am getting the following message.

 Whoa.java:2: error: modifier static not allowed here public static void doStuff() { ^

Answer 1

From Java 8 you can define static methods in interfaces in addition to default methods.

• A static method is a method that is associated with the class in which it is defined rather than with any object. Every instance of the class shares its static methods.

• This makes it easier for you to organize helper methods in your libraries; you can keep static methods specific to an interface in the same interface rather than in a separate class.

• The following example defines a static method that retrieves a ZoneId object corresponding to a time zone identifier; it uses the system default time zone if there is no ZoneId object corresponding to the given identifier. (As a result, you can simplify the method getZonedDateTime )

Here is code :

public interface TimeClient {
   // ...
    static public ZoneId getZoneId (String zoneString) {
        try {
            return ZoneId.of(zoneString);
        } catch (DateTimeException e) {
            System.err.println("Invalid time zone: " + zoneString +"; using default time zone instead.");
            return ZoneId.systemDefault();
        }
    }

   default public ZonedDateTime getZonedDateTime(String zoneString) {
      return ZonedDateTime.of(getLocalDateTime(), getZoneId(zoneString));
   }    
}

See also

• Oracle docs for interface methods

• For all interesting things in Java 8 read Everything about Java 8

Answer 2

This is only possible in Java 8. In the Java 7 Language Specification §9.4 , it explicitly states:

It is a compile-time error if a method declared in an interface is declared static, because static methods cannot be abstract.

So in Java 7, static methods in interfaces cannot exist.

If you go to the Java 8 Language Specification §9.4.3 , you can see that it says:

A static method also has a block body, which provides the implementation of the method.

So it explicitly states that in Java 8, they can exist.

I even tried to run your exact code in Java 1.7.0_45, but it gave me the error "modifier static not allowed here".

---

Here is a quote directly from the Java 8 tutorial, Default Methods (Learning the Java Language > Interfaces and Inheritance) :

Static Methods

In addition to default methods, you can define static methods in interfaces. (A static method is a method that is associated with the class in which it is defined rather than with any object. Every instance of the class shares its static methods.) This makes it easier for you to organize helper methods in your libraries; you can keep static methods specific to an interface in the same interface rather than in a separate class. The following example defines a static method that retrieves a ZoneId object corresponding to a time zone identifier; it uses the system default time zone if there is no ZoneId object corresponding to the given identifier. (As a result, you can simplify the method getZonedDateTime ):

 public interface TimeClient { // ... static public ZoneId getZoneId (String zoneString) { try { return ZoneId.of(zoneString); } catch (DateTimeException e) { System.err.println("Invalid time zone: " + zoneString + "; using default time zone instead."); return ZoneId.systemDefault(); } } default public ZonedDateTime getZonedDateTime(String zoneString) { return ZonedDateTime.of(getLocalDateTime(), getZoneId(zoneString)); } }

Like static methods in classes, you specify that a method definition in an interface is a static method with the static keyword at the beginning of the method signature. All method declarations in an interface, including static methods, are implicitly public , so you can omit the public modifier.

Answer 3

For java version 7 or below , similar functionally you can achieve using nested class declared within interface body. and this nested class implements outer interface.

Example:

interface I1{
    public void doSmth();

    class DefaultRealizationClass implements  I1{

        @Override
        public void doSmth() {
           System.out.println("default realization");
        }
    }
}

How do we use it in our code?

class MyClass implements I1{

    @Override
    public void doSmth() {
         new I1.DefaultRealizationClass().doSmth();
    }   
}

Therefore default implementation encapsulated within interface.

Answer 4

Over the period java interfaces have evolved a lot and Java 8 completely changed the way interfaces were presumed.

Coming to question, yes we can have a method body in the interface.

whereas in java 8 we can have a method body in a static method and in the default method like the below example.

interface CheckMyEvolution{   
 default void whatsNew() {   
     System.out.print("Hello there!Check my Evolution");   
 } 

static ZoneId getZoneId (String zoneString) {
    try {
        return ZoneId.of(zoneString);
    } catch (DateTimeException e) {
        System.err.println("Invalid time zone: " + zoneString +
            "; using default time zone instead.");
        return ZoneId.systemDefault();
    }
}
}

we can also have the private method in the interfaces from java 9 onwards. like below code compiles well in java 9 and above versions but fails in java 8 and below

interface CheckMyEvolution{   
     default void whatsNew() {   
         checkIt();   
     }   
     // Private method  
     private void checkIt() {   
         System.out.println("Hello there! I can have private method now. Make sure you are using JDK 9 or Above.");   
     }   
 }   
    public class CheckMyEvolutionImpl implements CheckMyEvolution{   
     public static void main(String[] args) {   
         CheckMyEvolution evolution= new CheckMyEvolutionImpl();   
         evolution.whatsNew();   
     } 
}   
 

References: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/defaultmethods.html [https://www.quora.com/profile/Rajat-Singh-187/Private-Method-in-the-Java-Interface]