运行scalaz-stream的Process给出了找不到参数C的隐含值：scalaz.Catchable [F2]？

Question

Why am I getting the following error: could not find implicit value for parameter C: scalaz.Catchable[F2] when executing P(1,2,3).run ?

[scalaz-stream-sandbox]> console
[info] Starting scala interpreter...
[info]
import scalaz.stream._
import scala.concurrent.duration._
P: scalaz.stream.Process.type = scalaz.stream.Process$@7653f01e
Welcome to Scala version 2.11.0-RC3 (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.8.0).
Type in expressions to have them evaluated.
Type :help for more information.

scala> P(1,2,3).run
<console>:15: error: could not find implicit value for parameter C: scalaz.Catchable[F2]
              P(1,2,3).run
                       ^

The scalaz-stream-sandbox project is available at GitHub. Execute sbt console and then P(1,2,3).run to face the issue.

Answer 1

When you write Process(1, 2, 3) , you get a Process[Nothing, Int] , which is a process that doesn't have any idea about a specific context that it can make external requests against—it's just going to emit some stuff. This means that you can treat it as a Process0 , for example:

scala> Process(1, 2, 3).toList
res0: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)

It does also mean that you can't run it, though, since run needs a "driver" context.

Since Process is covariant in its first type parameter, you can use it in situations where you do have a more specific type for this context:

scala> import scalaz.concurrent.Task
import scalaz.concurrent.Task

scala> (Process(1, 2, 3): Process[Task, Int]).runLog.run
res1: IndexedSeq[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3)

Or:

scala> Process(1, 2, 3).flatMap(i => Process.fill(3)(i)).runLog.run
res2: IndexedSeq[Int] = Vector(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)

I agree that the error is a little confusing, but in normal usage you won't generally run into this situation, since you'll be using the process in a context that will fix its type to something like Process[Task, Int] .

Answer 2

在Process0[O]喜欢Process(1, 2, 3)你可以调用.toSource来将它转换为Process[Task, O]和runLog.run它或者你可以直接调用toList ， toVector等函数得到它的结果。