咖喱（==）如何运作？

Question

I understand that:

(==) :: Eq a => a -> a -> Bool

An example of application may be (==) 2 2, which result is True.

and that:

uncurry (==) :: Eq b => (b, b) -> Bool.

An example of application may be uncurry (==) (2, 2), which result is True.

But I don't understand and visualize an example why:

curry (==) :: (Eq a, Eq b) => a -> b -> (a, b) -> Bool

Any help?

Thanks,
Sebastián

Answer 1

== can be used on tuples, that is you can write (a1, b1) == (a2, b2) .

In that case the type of == is specialized to (Eq a, Eq b) => (a, b) -> (a,b) -> Bool .

If you now apply curry to that type, you get (Eq a, Eq b) => a -> b -> (a, b) -> Bool .

Answer 2

The definition of curry is:

curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c
curry f = \x y -> f (x, y)

If we substitute that in:

\x y z -> (curry (==) x y) z
\x y z -> ((==) (x, y)) z    -- Function application
\x y z -> (==) (x, y) z      -- Remove parentheses (function application is left associative in Haskell, so they are unnecessary here)
\x y z -> (x, y) == z        -- Convert to infix

We can tell right away that z must be some kind of tuple as well, or else this last line wouldn't type check since both arguments of == must have the same type.

When we look at the definition of the tuple instance for Eq , we find

instance (Eq a, Eq b) => Eq (a, b) where
  (x, y) == (x', y') = (x == x') && (y == y')

(This isn't spelled out in the source code of the standard library, it actually uses the "standalone deriving" mechanism to automatically derive the instance for the (Eq a, Eq b) => (a, b) type. This code is equivalent to what gets derived though.)

So, in this case, we can treat == as though it has the type

(==) :: (Eq a, Eq b) => (a, b) -> (a, b) -> Bool

Both x and y must have types that are instances of Eq , but they don't need to be the same instance of Eq . For example, what if we have 12 and "abc" ? Those are two different types but we can still use our function, since they are both instances of Eq : (\\xyz -> (x, y) == z) (12, "abc") (30, "cd") (this expression type checks and evaluates to False ).