lambda 中的 Java 8 lambda 无法修改来自外部 lambda 的变量

Question

Suppose I have a List<String> and a List<Transfomer> . I want to apply each transformer to each string in the list.

Using Java 8 lambdas, I can do this:

strings.stream().map(s -> {
    for(Transformer t : transformers) {
        s = t.apply(s);
    }
    return s;
}).forEach(System.out::println);

But I'd like to do something more like this, however it results in a compile time error:

strings.stream().map(s -> transformers.stream().forEach(t -> s = t.apply(s))).forEach(System.out::println);

I'm just starting to play with lambdas, so maybe I just don't have the syntax correctly.

Answer 1

The best way to do this with streams is to use reduce :

// make a transformer that combines all of them as one
Transformer combinedTransformer =

    // the stream of transformers
    transformers.stream()

    // combine all the transformers into one
    .reduce(

        // apply each of the transformers in turn
        (t1, t2) -> x -> t2.apply(t1.apply(x)))

    );



// the stream of strings
strings.stream()

// transform each string with the combined transformer
.map(combinedTranformer::apply);

Of course, this assumes that transformers is non-empty; if there is a possibility that it is empty, than it is simple enough to use the two-argument overload of reduce instead, like so (this assumes Tranformer is a functional interface):

// make a transformer that combines all of them as one
Transformer combinedTransformer =

    // the stream of transformers
    transformers.stream()

    // combine all the transformers into one
    .reduce(

        // the no-op transformer
        x -> x,

        // apply each of the transformers in turn
        (t1, t2) -> x -> t2.apply(t1.apply(x)))

    );



// the stream of strings
strings.stream()

// transform each string with the combined transformer
.map(combinedTranformer::apply);

---

The reason you got a compiler error is that, as the error says, outside variables used in a lambda expression must be effectively final ; that is, declaring them final (if they aren't already) must not change the meaning of the program, or change whether or not it compiles. Using a mutable assignment in a lambda is therefore generally forbidden, and with good reason: mutation screws up parallelization, and one of the major reasons lambdas were included in Java 8 was to allow easier parallel programming.

Generally speaking, whenever you want to "sum up" results in some way, reduce (in any of its three overloads) is your go-to method. Learning how to use map , filter , reduce , and flatMap effectively is very important when working with Stream s.

Answer 2

Lambdas (just like local classes) cannot ever assign to captured local variables, whether from an outer lambda, or from an enclosing method. Captured local variables must be effectively final.