[英]lowercase + capitalize + concatenate words of a string in shell (e.g. bash)
How to capitalize+concatenate words of a string? 如何大写+连接字符串的单词?
(first letter uppercase and all other other letters lowercase) (首字母大写,所有其他字母小写)
example: 例:
input = "jAMeS bOnD"
output = "JamesBond"
String manipulation available in bash version 4: bash版本4中可用的字符串操作:
${variable,,}
to lowercase all letters ${variable,,}
以小写所有字母 ${variable^}
to uppercase first letter of each word ${variable^}
到每个单词的大写第一个字母 ${words[*]^}
instead of ${words[@]^}
to save some script lines 使用${words[*]^}
而不是${words[@]^}
来保存一些脚本行 And other improvements from mklement0 (see his comments): mklement0的其他改进(见他的评论):
ARRAY
-> words
) 为变量赋予有意义的名称(例如ARRAY
- > words
) local
to avoid impacting IFS
outside the function (once is enougth) 使用local
来避免在函数外部影响IFS
(一次是enougth) local
for all other local variables ( variable can be first declared, and later assigned) 对所有其他局部变量使用local
(可以先声明变量,然后再分配) ARRAY=( $LOWERCASE )
may expands globs (filename wildcards ) ARRAY=( $LOWERCASE )
可能会扩展globs (文件名通配符 )
set -f
or shopt -so noglob
使用set -f
或shopt -so noglob
暂时禁用路径名扩展 read -ra words <<< "$input"
instead of words=( $input )
或者使用read -ra words <<< "$input"
而不是words=( $input )
capitalize_remove_spaces()
{
local words IFS
read -ra words <<< "${@,,}"
IFS=''
echo "${words[*]^}"
}
If you want to keep alphanumeric characters only, extends the IFS built-in variable just before the read -ra words
operation: 如果只想保留字母数字字符,请在read -ra words
操作之前扩展IFS内置变量 :
capitalize_remove_punctuation()
{
local words IFS=$' \t\n-\'.,;!:*?' #Handle hyphenated names and punctuation
read -ra words <<< "${@,,}"
IFS=''
echo "${words[*]^}"
}
> capitalize_remove_spaces 'jAMeS bOnD'
JamesBond
> capitalize_remove_spaces 'jAMeS bOnD *'
JamesBond*
> capitalize_remove_spaces 'Jean-luc GRAND-PIERRE'
Jean-lucGrand-pierre
> capitalize_remove_punctuation 'Jean-luc GRAND-PIERRE'
JeanLucGrandPierre
> capitalize_remove_punctuation 'Jean-luc GRAND-PIERRE *'
JeanLucGrandPierre
From other posts, I came up with this working script: 从其他帖子中,我想出了这个工作脚本:
str="jAMeS bOnD"
res=""
split=`echo $str | sed -e 's/ /\n/g'` # Split with space as delimiter
for word in $split; do
word=${word,,} # Lowercase
word=${word^} # Uppercase first letter
res=$res$word # Concatenate result
done
echo $res
References: 参考文献:
Using awk it is little verbose but does the job:: 使用awk它有点冗长,但做的工作::
s="jAMeS bOnD"
awk '{for (i=1; i<=NF; i++)
printf toupper(substr($i, 1, 1)) tolower(substr($i,2)); print ""}' <<< "$s"
JamesBond
Here's a bash 3+
solution that utilizes tr
for case conversion (the case conversion operators ( ,
, ^
, ...) were introduced in bash
4 ): 这里有一个bash 3+
解决方案 ,利用tr
的情况下转换(大小写转换操作符( ,
, ^
,...)中引入bash
4):
input="jAMeS bOnD"
read -ra words <<<"$input" # split input into an array of words
output="" # initialize output variable
for word in "${words[@]}"; do # loop over all words
# add capitalized 1st letter
output+="$(tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' <<<"${word:0:1}")"
# add lowercase version of rest of word
output+="$(tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' <<<"${word:1}")"
done
Note: 注意:
words=( $input )
to split the input string into an array of words, but there's a gotcha: the string is subject to pathname expansion , so if a word happens to be a valid glob (eg, *
), it will be expanded (replaced with matching filenames), which is undesired; 想要使用words=( $input )
将输入字符串拆分为单词数组是很诱人的,但是有一个问题:字符串受路径名扩展的影响 ,所以如果一个单词恰好是一个有效的glob(例如, *
),它将被扩展(替换为匹配的文件名),这是不希望的; using read -ra
to create the array avoids this problem ( -a
reads into an array, -r
turns off interpretation of \\
chars. in the input). 使用read -ra
创建数组避免了这个问题( -a
读入数组, -r
关闭输入中的\\
chars。的解释)。 echo -e '\n' "!!!!! PERMISSION to WRITE in /var/log/ DENIED !!!!!"
echo -e '\n'
echo "Do you want to continue?"
echo -e '\n' "Yes or No"
read -p "Please Respond_: " Response #get input from keyboard "yes/no"
#Capitalizing 'yes/no' with # echo $Response | awk '{print toupper($0)}' or echo $Response | tr [a-z] [A-Z]
answer=$(echo $Response | awk '{print toupper($0)}')
case $answer in
NO)
echo -e '\n' "Quitting..."
exit 1
;;
YES)
echo -e '\n' "Proceeding..."
;;
esac
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