ASP.NET 网站还是 ASP.NET Web 应用程序？

Question

When I start a new ASP.NET project in Visual Studio, I can create an ASP.NET Web Application or I can create an ASP.NET Web Site.

What is the difference between ASP.NET Web Application and ASP.NET Web Site? Why would I choose one over other?

Is the answer different based on which version of Visual Studio I am using?

Answer 1

Website:

The Web Site project is compiled on the fly. You end up with a lot more DLL files, which can be a pain. It also gives problems when you have pages or controls in one directory that need to reference pages and controls in another directory since the other directory may not be compiled into the code yet. Another problem can be in publishing.

If Visual Studio isn't told to re-use the same names constantly, it will come up with new names for the DLL files generated by pages all the time. That can lead to having several close copies of DLL files containing the same class name, which will generate plenty of errors. The Web Site project was introduced with Visual Studio 2005, but it has turned out not to be popular.

Web Application:

The Web Application Project was created as an add-in and now exists as part of SP 1 for Visual Studio 2005. The main differences are the Web Application Project was designed to work similarly to the Web projects that shipped with Visual Studio 2003. It will compile the application into a single DLL file at build time. To update the project, it must be recompiled and the DLL file published for changes to occur.

Another nice feature of the Web Application project is it's much easier to exclude files from the project view. In the Web Site project, each file that you exclude is renamed with an excluded keyword in the filename. In the Web Application Project, the project just keeps track of which files to include/exclude from the project view without renaming them, making things much tidier.

Reference

The article ASP.NET 2.0 - Web Site vs Web Application project also gives reasons on why to use one and not the other. Here is an excerpt of it:

• You need to migrate large Visual Studio .NET 2003 applications to VS 2005? use the Web Application project.
• You want to open and edit any directory as a Web project without creating a project file? use Web Site project.
• You need to add pre-build and post-build steps during compilation? use Web Application project.
• You need to build a Web application using multiple Web projects? use the Web Application project.
• You want to generate one assembly for each page? use the Web Site project.
• You prefer dynamic compilation and working on pages without building entire site on each page view? use Web Site project.
• You prefer single-page code model to code-behind model? use Web Site project.

Web Application Projects versus Web Site Projects (MSDN) explains the differences between the web site and web application projects. Also, it discusses the configuration to be made in Visual Studio.

Answer 2

Web Site is what you deploy to an ASP.NET web server such as IIS. Just a bunch of files and folders. There's nothing in a Web Site that ties you to Visual Studio (there's no project file). Code-generation and compilation of web pages (such as .aspx, .ascx, .master) is done dynamically at runtime , and changes to these files are detected by the framework and automatically re-compiled. You can put code that you want to share between pages in the special App_Code folder, or you can pre-compile it and put the assembly in the Bin folder.

Web Application is a special Visual Studio project. The main difference with Web Sites is that when you build the project all the code files are compiled into a single assembly, which is placed in the bin directory. You don't deploy code files to the web server. Instead of having a special folder for shared code files you can put them anywhere, just like you would do in class library. Because Web Applications contains files that are not meant to be deployed, such as project and code files, there's a Publish command in Visual Studio to output a Web Site to a specified location.

App_Code vs Bin

Deploying shared code files is generally a bad idea, but that doesn't mean you have to choose Web Application. You can have a Web Site that references a class library project that holds all the code for the Web Site. Web Applications is just a convenient way to do it.

CodeBehind

This topic is specific to .aspx and .ascx files. This topic is decreasingly relevant in new application frameworks such as ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web Pages which do not use codebehind files.

By having all code files compiled into a single assembly, including codebehind files of .aspx pages and .ascx controls, in Web Applications you have to re-build for every little change, and you cannot make live changes. This can be a real pain during development, since you have to keep re-building to see the changes, while with Web Sites changes are detected by the runtime and pages/controls are automatically recompiled.

Having the runtime manage the codebehind assemblies is less work for you, since you don't need to worry about giving pages/controls unique names, or organizing them into different namespaces.

I'm not saying deploying code files is always a good idea (specially not in the case of shared code files), but codebehind files should only contain code that perform UI specific tasks, wire-up events handlers, etc. Your application should be layered so that important code always end up in the Bin folder. If that is the case then deploying codebehind files shouldn't be considered harmful.

Another limitation of Web Applications is that you can only use the language of the project. In Web Sites you can have some pages in C#, some in VB, etc. No need for special Visual Studio support. That's the beauty of the build provider extensibility.

Also, in Web Applications you don't get error detection in pages/controls as the compiler only compiles your codebehind classes and not the markup code (in MVC you can fix this using the MvcBuildViews option), which is compiled at runtime.

Visual Studio

Because Web Applications are Visual Studio projects you get some features not available in Web Sites. For instance, you can use build events to perform a variety of tasks, eg minify and/or combine Javascript files.

Another nice feature introduced in Visual Studio 2010 is Web.config transformation . This is also not available in Web Sites. Now works with Web Sites in VS 2013.

Building a Web Application is faster than building a Web Site, specially for large sites. This is mainly because Web Applications do not compile the markup code. In MVC if you set MvcBuildViews to true then it compiles the markup code and you get error detection, which is very useful. The down side is that every time you build the solution it builds the complete site, which can be slow and inefficient, specially if you are not editing the site. l find myself turning MvcBuildViews on and off (which requires a project unload). On the other hand, with Web Sites you can choose if you want to build the site as part of the solution or not. If you choose not to, then building the solution is very fast, and you can always click on the Web Site node and select Build, if you've made changes.

In an MVC Web Application project you have extra commands and dialogs for common tasks, like 'Add View', 'Go To View', 'Add Controller', etc. These are not available in an MVC Web Site.

If you use IIS Express as the development server, in Web Sites you can add virtual directories. This option is not available in Web Applications.

NuGet Package Restore does not work on Web Sites, you have to manually install packages listed on packages.config Package Restore now works with Web Sites starting NuGet 2.7

Answer 3

Web Site = use when the website is created by graphic designers and the programmers only edit one or two pages

Web Application = use when the application is created by programmers and the graphic designers only edit one or two paged/images.

Web Sites can be worked on using any HTML tools without having to have developer studio, as project files don't need to be updated, etc. Web applications are best when the team is mostly using developer studio and there is a high code content.

(Some coding errors are found in Web Applications at compile time that are not found in Web Sites until run time.)

Warning: I wrote this answer many years ago and have not used Asp.net since. I expect things have now moved on.

Answer 4

Unless you have a specific need for a dynamically compiled project, don't use a web site project .

Why? Because web site project will drive you up the wall when trying to change or understand your project. The static typing find features (eg find usages, refactor) in Visual Studio will all take forever on any reasonably sized project. For further information, see the Stack Overflow question Slow “Find All References” in Visual Studio .

I really can't see why they dropped web applications in Visual Studio 2005 for the pain-inducing, sanity-draining, productivity carbuncle web site project type.

Answer 5

There is an article in MSDN which describes the differences:

Comparing Web Site Projects and Web Application Projects

BTW: there are some similar questions about that topic, eg:

• Web Site vs. ASP.Net Web Application in Visual Studio note: was removed, no longer on SO
• website or webapplication in.ASP.NET

Answer 6

This may sound a bit obvious, but I think it's something that is misunderstood because Visual Studio 2005 only shipped with the web site originally. If your project deals with a website that is fairly limited and doesn't have a lot of logical or physical separation, the website is fine. However if it is truly a web application with different modules where many users add and update data, you are better off with the web application.

The biggest pro of the website model is that anything in the app_code section is dynamically compiled. You can make C# file updates without a full redeploy. However this comes at a great sacrifice. A lot of things happen under the covers that are difficult to control. Namespaces are difficult to control and specific DLL usage goes out the window by default for anything under app_code since everything is dynamically compiled.

The web application model does not have dynamic compilation, but you gain control over the things that I have mentioned.

If you are doing n-tier development, I highly recommend the web application model. If you are doing a limited web site or a quick and dirty implementation, the web site model may have advantages.

More detailed analysis can be found in:

• Web Application Projects and Web Deployment Projects are here
• Web Site or Web Application?

Answer 7

From the MCTS self paced training kit exam 70-515 book:

With web application (project),

1. You can create an MVC application.
2. Visual Studio stores the list of files in a project file (.csproj or .vbproj), rather than relying on the folder structure.
3. You cannot mix Visual Basic and C#.
4. You cannot edit code without stopping a debugging session.
5. You can establish dependencies between multiple web projects.
6. You must compile the application before deployment, which prevents you from testing a page if another page will not compile.
7. You do not have to store the source code on the server.
8. You can control the assembly name and version.
9. You cannot edit individual files after deployment without recompiling.

Answer 8

It depends on what you are developing.

A content-oriented website will have its content changing frequently and a Website is better for that.

An application tends to have its data stored in a database and its pages and code change rarely. In this case it's better to have a Web application where deployment of assemblies is much more controlled and has better support for unit testing.

Answer 9

Compilation Firstly there is a difference in compilation. Web Site is not pre-compiled on server, it is compiled on file. It may be an advantage because when you want to change something in your Web Site you can just download a specific file from server, change it and upload this file back to server and everything would work fine. In Web Application you can't do this because everthing is pre-compiled and you end up with only one dll. When you change something in one file of your project you have to re-compile everything again. So if you would like to have a possibility to change some files on server Web Site is better solution for you. It also allows many developers to work on one Web Site. On the other side, if you don't want your code to be available on server you should rather choose Web Application. This option is also better for Unit Testing because of one DLL file being created after publishing your website.

Project structure There is also a difference in the structure of the project. In Web Application you have a project file just like you had it in normal application. In Web Site there is no traditional project file, all you have is solution file. All references and settings are stored in web.config file. @Page directive There is a different attribute in @Page directive for the file that contains class associated with this page. In Web Application it is standard "CodeBehind", in Web Site you use "CodeFile". You can see this in the examples below:

Web Application:

<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs"  
Inherits="WebApplication._Default" %>  

Web Site:

<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" %> 

Namespaces - In the example above you can see also another difference - how namespaces are created. In Web Application namespace is simply a name of the project. In Website there is default namespace ASP for dynamically compiled pages.

Edit and Continue- In Web Application Edit and Continue option is available (to turn it on you have to go to Tools Menu, click Options then find Edit and Continue in Debugging). This feature is not working in Web Site.ASP.NET MVCIf you want to develop web applications using

ASP.NET MVC (Model View Controller) the best and default option is Web Application. Although it's possible to use MVC in Web Site it's not recommended.

Summary - The most important difference between ASP.NET Web Application and Web Site is compilation. So if you work on a bigger project where a few people can modify it it's better to use Web Site. But if you're doing a smaller project you can use Web Application as well.

Answer 10

Yes web application is much better than web sites, because Web applications give us freedom:

1. To have multiple projects under one umbrella and establish project dependencies between. Eg for PCS we can have following within web application-

   • Web portals
   • Notification Controller (for sending Email)
   • Business layer
   • Data Access layer
   • Exception Manager
   • Server utility
   • WCF Services (Common for all platforms)
   • List item

2. To run unit tests on code that is in the class files that are associated with ASP.NET pages

3. To refer to the classes those are associated with pages and user controls from standalone classes
4. To create a single assembly for the entire site
5. Control over the assembly name and version number that is generated for the site
6. To avoid putting source code on a production server. (You can avoid deploying source code to the IIS server. In some scenarios, such as shared hosting environments, you might be concerned about unauthorized access to source code on the IIS server. (For a web site project, you can avoid this risk by pre-compiling on a development computer and deploying the generated assemblies instead of the source code. However, in that case you lose some of the benefits of easy site updates.)
7. Performance Issue with Website(The first request to the web site might require the site to be compiled, which can result in a delay. And if the web site is running on an IIS server that is short on memory, including the entire site in a single assembly might use more memory than would be required for multiple assemblies.)

Answer 11

One of the key differences is that Websites compile dynamically and create on-the-fly assemblies. Web applicaitons compile into one large assembly.

The distinction between the two has been done away with in Visual Studio 2008.

Answer 12

Applications are usually compiled before deployment where as the website makes use of the app_code directory. When anything changes in the app code folder the server will re-compile the code. This means that you can add/ change code with a website on the fly.

The advantage of an app is that there is no re-compiling and so initial start up times will be faster.

Answer 13

I recommend you watch the video Web Application Projects & Web Deployment Projects on the ASP.NET website which explains the difference in great detail, it was quite helpful to me.

By the way, don't get confused by the title, a great part of the video explains the difference between website projects and web application projects and why Microsoft re-introduced Web application projects in Visual studio 2005 (as you probably already know, it originally shipped with only website projects then web application projects were added in SP1). A great video I highly recommend for anyone who wants to know the difference.

Answer 14

A "web site" has its code in a special App_Code directory and it's compiled into several DLLs (assemblies) at runtime. A "web application" is precompiled into one single DLL.

Answer 15

Website and Project>>website are two different methods of creating ASP.NET application using visual studio. One is projectless and another is project environment. Differences are as

1. Solution file is stored in same directory as root directory in project environment.
2. Need to remove solution and project files before deploying in project environment.
3. Complete root directory is deployed in projectless environment.

there no much basic difference in using either approach. But if you are creating website that will take longer time, opt for project environment.

Answer 16

It is always depends on the requirement of your client. ASP.NET just includes flexible features that the user needs for security and easy maintenance of your application.

You can think of a Web application as a binary file that runs inside the ASP.NET framework. And Web sites as a static webpage that you can review and easily deploy source code to.

But the advantage and disadvantages of these two ASP.NET technologies come what is good.

Answer 17

Web Application project model

• Provides the same Web project semantics as Visual Studio .NET Web projects. Has a project file (structure based on project files). Build model - all code in the project is compiled into a single assembly. Supports both IIS and the built-in ASP.NET Development Server. Supports all the features of Visual Studio 2005 (refactoring, generics, etc.) and of ASP.NET (master pages, membership and login, site navigation, themes, etc). Using FrontPage Server Extensions (FPSE) are no longer a requirement.

Web Site project model

• No project file (Based on file system).
• New compilation model.
• Dynamic compilation and working on pages without building entire site on each page view.
• Supports both IIS and the built-in ASP.NET Development Server.
• Each page has it's own assembly.
• Defferent code model.

Answer 18

Websites - No solution file will be created. If we want to create websites no need for visual studio.

Web Application - A solution file will be created. If we want to create web application should need the visual studio. It will create a single .dll file in bin folder.

Answer 19

In Web Application Projects, Visual Studio needs additional .designer files for pages and user controls. Web Site Projects do not require this overhead. The markup itself is interpreted as the design.

Answer 20

Definitely web application, single DLL file and easy to maintain. But a website is more flexible; you can edit the aspx file on the go.

Answer 21

It generates app_code folder automatically and if you publish it on the server and after that if you do some changes in any particular file or page than you don't have to do compile all files.

It generates solutions file automatically which website doesn't generate and if you change in one file than you have to compile full project to reflects its changes.

Answer 22

Web applications require more memory, presumably because you have no choice but to compile into a single assembly. I just converted a large legacy site to a web application and have issues with running out of memory, both at compile time with the error message as below :

Unexpected error writing metadata to file '' -- 
Not enough storage is available to complete this operation. 

error, and at runtime with this error message as below :

Exception information: 
    Exception type: HttpException 
    Exception message: Exception of type 'System.OutOfMemoryException' was thrown.
   at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.ReportTopLevelCompilationException()

My recommendation for converting larger sites on memory-constrained legacy hardware is, to choose the option to revert back to the web site model. Even after an initial success problem might creep up later.

Answer 23

在 Web 应用程序中，您可以创建项目功能的层，并可以通过将其划分为多个项目来创建它们之间的相互依赖关系，但您永远无法在网站上执行此操作。

Answer 24

Here Web Supportive Application is an example of website. Website and Web Application both can be dynamic/static its depends upon requirements, here is an example to understand working of website's and web application.

Answer 25

To summarize some of the answers above:

Flexibility , can you can make live changes to a web page?

Web Site : Possible. Pro: short term benefits. Con: long term risk of project chaos.

Web App : Con: not possible. Edit a page, archive the changes to source control, then build and deploy the entire site. Pro: maintain a quality project.

Development issues

Web Site : Simple project structure without a .csproj file.Two .aspx pages may have the same class name without conflicts. Random project directory name leading to build errors like why .net framework conflicts with its own generated file and why .net framework conflicts with its own generated file . Pro: Simple (simplistic). Con: erratic.

Web App : Project structure similar to WebForms project, with a .csproj file. Class names of asp pages must be unique. Pro: Simple (smart). Con: none, because a web app is still simple.