仅限于__init__方法中设置数据的Python @property（setter方法）

Question

I would like to setup an object that imports some raw_data during the initialization phase of the object (ie during the __init__() method). However I would like to make it read only from that point on. I was thinking of using a setter property self.raw_data with the following logic:

@raw_data.setter
def raw_data(self, dataframe):
    <IF calling from __init__>?
        self.__raw_data = df

Is there a way for the setter method to know if it is being called from within __init__ ? Blocking all other attempts to change the data.

Answer 1

The closest you can get is to only allow to set self._raw_data if it hasn't be set yet, ie:

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, dataframe):
        self.raw_data = dataframe

    @property
    def raw_data(self):
         return getattr(self, '_raw_data', None)

    @raw_data.setter
    def raw_data(self, dataframe):
        if hasattr(self, '_raw_data'):
            raise AttributeError, "Attribute is read-only")
        self._raw_data = dataframe

Which makes the setter mostly useless, so you'd get the same result with less code skipping it (which will make the property read-only):

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, dataframe):
        self._raw_data = dataframe

    @property
    def raw_data(self):
         return self._raw_data

But beware that none of these solutions will prevent you to directly set _raw_data .

Answer 2

Nothing you do in the raw_data setter is going to stop direct assignment to __raw_data . I would recommend not defining a setter and using __raw_data for initialization. This will block writes to raw_data , but not __raw_data .

If you want stricter enforcement, then by design, you don't have many options. One option is to write your class in C or Cython. The other option is easier, but it has awkward side effects. That option is to subclass an immutable built-in type, such as tuple , and create pre-initialized instances with __new__ instead of mutating them into an initialized state with __init__ :

class Immutable(tuple):
    __slots__ = [] # Prevents creation of instance __dict__
    def __new__(cls, *whatever_args):
        attribute1 = compute_it_however()
        attribute2 = likewise()
        return super(cls, Immutable).__new__(cls, attribute1, attribute2)
    @property
    def attribute1(self):
        return self[0]
    @property
    def attribute2(self):
        return self[1]

This makes your objects immutable, but the awkward side effect is that your objects are now tuples.