从 SQLAlchemy 中声明性定义的实例获取主键的通用方法

Question

Does SQLAlchemy offer a generic way to get the primary key from a declaratively defined instance, so that if:

Base = declarative_base()

class MyClass(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'mytable'
    key = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

I can do:

>>> a = MyClass(key=1)
>>> a.generic_get_primary_key()  # <-- does it exist ??
1

Answer 1

You can use inspection for that purpose:

http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/core/inspection.html

Passing an instance of a mapped object to inspect, returns an InstanceState , describing that object. This state also contains the identity:

Base = declarative_base()

class MyClass(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'mytable'
    key = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
a = MyClass(key=1)

from sqlalchemy.inspection import inspect    
pk = inspect(a).identity
print pk

Will give:

(1,)

Since primary keys can consist of multiple columns, the identity in general is a tuple containing all the column values that are part of the primary key. In your case, that's simply the key .

Answer 2

If you need to retrieve a list primary keys of a class not an instance the following describes how to do it.

You can use the inspect method. This will return an Inspect instance on which you can do your analysis as follows. In this example I use the Inspect instance to return to me all attribute names of each primary_key of MyClass .

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String

Base = declarative_base()

class MyClass(Base):
    __tablename__ = "myclass"

    key = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String, primary_key=True)



from sqlalchemy import inspect
ins = inspect(MyClass)
print("Tuple of primary keys: ", ins.primary_key)

# Let's loop over them and print the attribute key name of each
for x in ins.primary_key:
    print(x.key)

Returns

> Tuple of primary keys:  (Column('key', Integer(), table=<myclass>, primary_key=True, nullable=False), Column('name', String(), table=<myclass>, primary_key=True, nullable=False))
> key
> name

Answer 3

I did it by getting the primary key name and next, with getattr, passing the class instance and the name of primary key like this: enter image description here

from sqlalchemy.inspection import inspect

# I use this class for all my tables in sqlalchemy
class BaseTablesClass():
    # First I get the name of the primary key, just the first value of array because 
    # a table can have more than a primary key

    def primary_key_name(self):
        return inspect(self).primary_key[0].name

    # Next in this line I get the value of primary key by the name that I get with the
    # method of primary key name
    def primary_key_value(self):
        return getattr(self, self.primary_key_name())

Answer 4

Use inspect function:

inspect(obj).identity

This will work include "transient" and "pending":

inspect(obj.__class__).primary_key_from_instance(obj)