Haskell-如何使用（。）fg编写两次函数-函数组成

Question

Here is the problem, i need to write the well known twice function

(twice= \x-> \x-> x) 

but this time using (.) composition function like (.) fg .

I don't know how to solve it, cause I thought at the beginning to do like:

(.) f g = (\x -> f (g x)) 

with (g = f) so it would be like this

(.) f f = (\x -> f (f x))

but I have a

"Conflicting definitions for `f'"

running on GHCI

So, any suggestions ?

Answer 1

I don't know how you got anything other than a parse input from this:

(.) f f = (\x -> f (f x))

but the definition you gave: twice = \\x -> \\x -> x has nothing to do with using something "twice" - indeed if you plug in some values:

twice a b
= (\x -> \x -> x) a b 
= (\x -> (\x -> x)) a b -- (rename the inner x)
= (\x -> (\y -> y)) a b
= ((\x -> (\y -> y)) a) b
= (\y -> y) b
= b

and indeed GHCi will tell you the same:

> let twice = \x -> \x -> x
> :t twice
twice :: t -> t1 -> t1
> twice "a" "b"
"b"

Now I guess you want something like this:

let twice f x = f (f x)

for example:

> let twice f x = f (f x)
> twice (+1) 5
7

as you can see twice (+1) adds 2 (or twice one).

Now how can you do this using (.) ? - Well your intuition was wright:

> let twice f = f . f
> twice (+1) 5
7

concerning a module

As you asked for a module - this compiles (and loads into GHCi) fine on my system(s):

module Twice where

twice :: (a->a) -> a -> a
twice f = f . f

remark:

this only works if you include (.) from the prelude (or GHC.Base) - I suspect that you got some kind of excercise that hid the prelude - in this case you have to define (.) for yourself first (most likely another excercise)

if you need to implement it yourself:

(.) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
(.) g f x = g (f x)