python中非常奇怪的__getattr__行为

Question

I had an error in my code (similar to the error below) but the result seems very strange to me. Can someone explain to me how getattr is getting called with the name being "hello"?

class A(object):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        print name
        assert name != 'hello'
        return self.hello

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        class B(A):
            @property
            def hello(self_):
                return self.durp

        self.b = B()

c = C()
print c.b.bang

The output of this is:

bang
hello
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 17, in <module>
    print c.b.bang
  File "test.py", line 5, in __getattr__
    return self.hello
  File "test.py", line 4, in __getattr__
    assert name != 'hello'
AssertionError

shell returned 1

I understand of course that there is no durp property in C (this is the error I speak of). However, I would not expect __getattr__ to be called with hello as the string. I feel like I'm not understanding something fundamental about the way __getattr__ works.

Answer 1

__getattr__ is called when accessing an attribute via "the usual methods" fails. The way Python knows whether "the usual methods" have failed is that an AttributeError is raised. It can't tell, though, whether this AttributeError was raised in trying to get the original attribute you were trying to get, or some other attribute accessed as part of that process. So here's what happens:

1. Python tries to access cbbang
2. the b object has no attribute "bang" so the __getattr__ is called.
3. the __getattr__ tries to get self.hello
4. Python finds the attribute hello , whose value is a property
5. In trying to evaluate self.hello , Python runs the hello property.
6. Running the hello property tries to access a nonexistent attribute durp . This raises an AttributeError
7. Because an AttributeError was raised as part of trying to evaluate self.hello , Python thinks there is no such attribute available via "the usual methods". It therefore calls __getattr__ with "hello" as the argument.

This behavior is confusing, but is basically an unavoidable side effect of how attribute lookup in Python works. The only way to know that "normal attribute lookup didn't work" is that an AttributeError was raised. There is a Python bug about this, which apparently people are still working on, but no real solution exists so far.

Answer 2

return self.hello in the definition of a.__getattr__

class A(object):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        print name
        assert name != 'hello'
        return self.hello

triggers a new attribute search, this time with 'hello' as the value of the name parameter, which causes your assertion to fail