如何将更改合并到两个分支

Question

Right now I have a develop branch, and I create a new branch feature-keyboard using git checkout -b feature-keyboard develop as a new version. Right now I need to do changes to both branches. What I am doing right now is I do so: git checkout -b feature-ui-changes develop and then add some changes commit them. then git checkout develop and git merge --no-ff feature-ui-changes . But if I do the same first checkout feature-keyboard and then merge changes to feature-ui-changes . It says conflict. And It's suppose to. But how do I update changes to both develop and feature-keyboard branches after I do some changes to the app?

Answer 1

You can do the changes on one branch, commit them. Then switch to the other branch and cherry-pick your changes:

git cherry-pick <commit-hash>

Answer 2

If you find yourself needing to "double commit" numerous changes between two branches, then that is a sign that there is possibly something wrong with your process. Perhaps the code was branched prematurely.

Git has a nice workflow for creating a "topic" branch where you develop something, while keeping up with the changes from that topic's upstream. Namely, you can use git rebase to rewrite the branch history, and migrate the changes to a newer version of upstream.

This saves you the pain of doing double commits, and also prevents you from forking two copies of each upstream commit.

$ git checkout -b topic
# ... hack, commit, hack, commit, ...
$ git checkout master
# ... pull, hack, commit, pull, ...

Now there is all kinds of new stuff on master not reflected in topic : changes you have made, plus possibly upstream changes pulled in from another repo. You'd like to return to the work on topic , but have that work based on the new master . That's what rebasing is about:

$ git checkout topic
$ git rebase master

Git will figure out the ancestor point between the current branch, topic , and master . It will take the topic changes from that point, and cherry pick them on top of the current master . The resulting picks will then be installed as the topic branch. Thereby, the topic branch is rewritten: it is replaced with a whole new version of that branch. (Along the way, you may have to resolve conflicts, of course.)

If you have two or more such topics, you can treat them independently: rebase each one of them as you return to it, keeping it up to date with the master changes.

The nice thing after rebasing is that after topic is rebased, it contains the upstream branch (such as master ) as a suffix: it has exactly all the commits that are in master , plus some new commits. At that point, you can do:

git checkout master
git reset --hard topic   # fast-forward master to the topic

Now master has all the topic changes: in fact, master and topic point to the same commit object: they are identical. We can do this safely because master doesn't have any commits which are not already in topic , thanks to the recent rebase. So we are not throwing away anything from master : it just jumps forward.

If master does have some new commits, you can also do an "other-way rebase":

# on master
git rebase topic   # same as git reset --hard topic if master has no new commits!

The new changes on master are rewound, then the topic changes are brought in, and the new changes are re-played (cherry picked) on top. It's a mirror image of rebasing topic to master : rebase doesn't care which branch is the trunk and which is the topic.

However, if those new master commits are public, you are writing public history by rebasing them over topic changes. You can get away with this if all the new master commits not on topic are your own and unpublished (you made them locally and haven't git push -ed them to another repo), or you have some other justification for rewriting master history even if it is published.