指针和字符串文字

Question

Many a times I have seen the following statements:

char* ch = "Hello"
cout<<ch;

The output I get is " Hello ". I know that ch points to the first character of the string "Hello" and that "Hello" is a string literal and stored in read only memory. Since, ch stores the address of the first character in the string literal, so shouldn't the statement,

cout<<ch;

give the output " the address of a character " because, it is a pointer variable? Instead it prints the string literal itself. Moreover, if I write this,

ch++;
cout<<ch;

It gives the output, " ello ". And similarly, it happens with more consecutive ch++ statements too.

can anybody tell me, why does it happen?
Btw, I have seen other questions related to string literals, but all of them address the issue of "Why can't we do something like *ch='a'?
EDIT : I also want to ask this in reference to C, it happens in C too, if I type,

printf("%s",ch);

Why?

Answer 1

There's overloaded version of operator<<

ostream& operator<< (ostream& , const char* );

This overload is called whenever you use something like:-

char *p = "Hello";
cout << p;

This overload defines how to print that string rather than print the address. However, if you want to print the address, you can use,

cout << (void*) p;

as this would call another overload which just prints the address to stream:-

ostream& operator<< (ostream& , void* );

Answer 2

Printing a char* in C++ gives you the string rather than a pointer because that's how the language is defined, and in turn because that's what makes sense and is useful. We rarely need to print the address of a string, after all. In terms of implementation, it can be achieved by overloading an operator:

std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream&, const char*);

You may find something like that in your standard library implementation, but it will actually be a template:

template <typename CharT>
std::basic_ostream<CharT>& operator <<(std::basic_ostream<CharT>&, const CharT*);

And it will probably have even more template parameters.

As for why ch++ gives you a string starting from the second character, well, that's because incrementing a pointer advances it to the next element in the "array" it points to.

Answer 3

To answer your edited question, regarding printf() in c , it is determined by the format specifier supplied with printf() . Check the following code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{

    char * p = "Merry Christmas";

    printf("[This prints the string] >> %s\n", p);
    printf("[This prints the pointer] >> %p\n", p);

    return 0;
}

Output:

[sourav@broadsword temp]$ ./a.out 
[This prints the string] >> Merry Christmas
[This prints the pointer] >> 0x80484a0
[sourav@broadsword temp]$

for the same variable p , %s is used to print the string, whereas %p is used to print the p pointer itself.