std::forward 与 std::move 的使用

Question

I always read that std::forward is only for use with template parameters. However, I was asking myself why. See the following example:

void ImageView::setImage(const Image& image){
    _image = image;
}

void ImageView::setImage(Image&& image){
    _image = std::move(image);
}

Those are two functions which basically do the same; one takes an l-value reference, the other an r-value reference. Now, I thought since std::forward is supposed to return an l-value reference if the argument is an l-value reference and an r-value reference if the argument is one, this code could be simplified to something like this:

void ImageView::setImage(Image&& image){
    _image = std::forward(image);
}

Which is kind of similar to the example cplusplus.com mentions for std::forward (just without any template parameters). I'd just like to know, if this is correct or not, and if not why.

I was also asking myself what exactly would be the difference to

void ImageView::setImage(Image& image){
    _image = std::forward(image);
}

Answer 1

You cannot use std::forward without explicitly specifying its template argument. It is intentionally used in a non-deduced context.

To understand this, you need to really understand how forwarding references ( T&& for a deduced T ) work internally, and not wave them away as "it's magic." So let's look at that.

template <class T>
void foo(T &&t)
{
  bar(std::forward<T>(t));
}

Let's say we call foo like this:

foo(42);

• 42 is an rvalue of type int .
• T is deduced to int .
• The call to bar therefore uses int as the template argument for std::forward .
• The return type of std::forward<U> is U && (in this case, that's int && ) so t is forwarded as an rvalue.

Now, let's call foo like this:

int i = 42;
foo(i);

• i is an lvalue of type int .
• Because of the special rule for perfect forwarding, when an lvalue of type V is used to deduce T in a parameter of type T && , V & is used for deduction. Therefore, in our case, T is deduced to be int & .

Therefore, we specify int & as the template argument to std::forward . Its return type will therefore be " int & && ", which collapses to int & . That's an lvalue, so i is forwarded as an lvalue.

Summary

Why this works with templates is when you do std::forward<T> , T is sometimes a reference (when the original is an lvalue) and sometimes not (when the original is an rvalue). std::forward will therefore cast to an lvalue or rvalue reference as appropriate.

You cannot make this work in the non-template version precisely because you'll have only one type available. Not to mention the fact that setImage(Image&& image) would not accept lvalues at all—an lvalue cannot bind to rvalue references.

Answer 2

I recommend reading "Effective Modern C ++" by Scott Meyers , specifically:

• Item 23 : Understand std::move and std::forward .
• Item 24 : Distinguish universal references for rvalue references.

From a purely technical perspective, the answer is yes: std::forward can do it all. std::move isn't necessary. Of course, neither function is really necessary, because we could write casts everywhere, but I hope we agree that that would be, well, yucky. std::move 's attractions are convenience, reduced likelihood of error, and greater clarity .

rvalue-reference

This function accepts rvalues and cannot accept lvalues.

void ImageView::setImage(Image&& image){
    _image = std::forward(image);        // error 
    _image = std::move(image);           // conventional
    _image = std::forward<Image>(image); // unconventional
}

Note first that std::move requires only a function argument, while std::forward requires both a function argument and a template type argument.

Universal references (forwarding references)

This function accepts all and does perfect forwarding.

template <typename T> void ImageView::setImage(T&& image){
    _image = std::forward<T>(image);
}

Answer 3

You have to specify the template type in std::forward .

In this context Image&& image is always an r-value reference and std::forward<Image> will always move so you might as well use std::move .

Your function accepting an r-value reference cannot accept l-values so it is not equivalent to the first two functions.