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Question

I have been using C# for around a year and have recently been testing my patience with the harsh world of C++.

I am trying to create an object orientated binary tree. I have stepped through the code and read up on reference parameter passing and use of const in C++ but cannot work out what I am doing to cause an Access Violation Error. I have ensured that the structure is created properly and the code completes the first line of main as expected, however calling toString seems to result in an error and I cannot work out why.

Here is the code so far:

// ExpressionCL.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//

#include "stdafx.h"

using namespace std;

template<class TData> class TreeNode
{

private:
    TData Data;
    const TreeNode<TData>* Left = nullptr;
    const TreeNode<TData>* Right = nullptr;

    void setData(TData data)
    {
        Data = data;
    }

public:
    TreeNode<TData>(TData data)
    {
        setData(data);
    }

    TreeNode<TData>(TData data, const TreeNode<TData>& leftNode, const TreeNode<TData>& rightNode)
    {
        setData(data);
        setLeft(leftNode);
        setRight(rightNode);
    }

    void setLeft(const TreeNode<TData>& leftNode)
    {
        Left = &leftNode;
    }

    void setRight(const TreeNode<TData>& rightNode)
    {
        Right = &rightNode;
    }

    TreeNode<TData> getLeft() const
    {
        if (hasLeft())
        {
            return Left;
        }
    }

    TreeNode<TData> getRight() const
    {
        if (hasRight())
        {
            return Right;
        }
    }

    TData getData() const
    {
        return Data;
    }

    bool hasLeft() const
    {
        if (Left != nullptr)
        {
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    bool hasRight() const
    {
        if (Right != nullptr)
        {
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    string toString() const
    {
        string treeString = "";
        if (hasLeft())
        {
            treeString += Left->toString();
        }
        treeString += to_string(Data);
        if (hasRight())
        {
            treeString += Right->toString();
        }
        return treeString;
    }
};

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    TreeNode<int> IntTree(1, TreeNode<int>(1), TreeNode<int>(2));
    cout << IntTree.toString() << endl;
    return 0;
}

Some guidance or further recommended resources would be great.

Answer 1

Your setLeft and setRight functions set off alarm bells. Storing the address of an object that was passed by reference is seriously asking for trouble, as the caller may destroy the object and then you are left with dangling pointers for Left and Right .

In fact that is exactly what you do. You pass temporary objects to your constructor, storing their address in Left and Right . Then you call IntTree.toString() which tries to use pointers to objects that no longer exist.

---

To fix this you need to need to use manual lifetime management for your nodes. That means the node must be created via new . You have the option of either using raw pointers (in which case you would document your interface carefully to note that the caller should call new , pass in the pointer, and not call delete after).

The other option is to use smart pointers which will track ownership of the objects, however you have a few other problems to solve before doing that.

Specifically, treeNode does not currently follow the Rule of Three . Fixing this is extremely important. At a minimum, disable copying so that you do not accidentally make copies of a treeNode (which will not behave properly until you start following the Rule of Three)).

Using smart pointer classes means you can follow Rule of Zero instead of Rule of Three which makes for much cleaner code (although it may be difficult to do straight off the bat if you're new to C++, there aren't any good online teaching resources that I know of besides SO).

Answer 2

You are calling the Treenode constructor with temporary values and storing in the treenode pointer to these temps. After the constructor has finished, these temps are gone and in calling a function which uses pointers to those temps (toString), a crash is occurring.

Your design needs the values of the treeitems as long as the tree is used, because you store only pointers to those values in the tree. You could change the design to store copies of the treenodes within the tree.