在 Python 中强制垃圾收集以释放内存

Question

I have a Python2.7 App which used lots of dict objects which mostly contain strings for keys and values.

Sometimes those dicts and strings are not needed anymore and I would like to remove those from memory.

I tried different things, del dict[key] , del dict , etc. But the App still uses the same amount of memory.

Below a example which I would expect to fee the memory. But it doesn't :(

import gc
import resource

def mem():
    print('Memory usage         : % 2.2f MB' % round(
        resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss/1024.0/1024.0,1)
    )

mem()

print('...creating list of dicts...')
n = 10000
l = []
for i in xrange(n):
    a = 1000*'a'
    b = 1000*'b'
    l.append({ 'a' : a, 'b' : b })

mem()

print('...deleting list items...')

for i in xrange(n):
    l.pop(0)

mem()

print('GC collected objects : %d' % gc.collect())

mem()

Output:

Memory usage         :  4.30 MB
...creating list of dicts...
Memory usage         :  36.70 MB
...deleting list items...
Memory usage         :  36.70 MB
GC collected objects : 0
Memory usage         :  36.70 MB

I would expect here some objects to be 'collected' and some memory to be freed.

Am I doing something wrong? Any other ways to delete unused objects or a least to find where the objects are unexpectedly used.

Answer 1

Frederick Lundh explains ,

If you create a large object and delete it again, Python has probably released the memory, but the memory allocators involved don't necessarily return the memory to the operating system, so it may look as if the Python process uses a lot more virtual memory than it actually uses.

and Alex Martelli writes :

The only really reliable way to ensure that a large but temporary use of memory DOES return all resources to the system when it's done, is to have that use happen in a subprocess, which does the memory-hungry work then terminates.

So, you could use multiprocessing to spawn a subprocess, perform the memory-hogging calculation, and then ensure the memory is released when the subprocess terminates:

import multiprocessing as mp
import resource

def mem():
    print('Memory usage         : % 2.2f MB' % round(
        resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss/1024.0,1)
    )

mem()

def memoryhog():
    print('...creating list of dicts...')
    n = 10**5
    l = []
    for i in xrange(n):
        a = 1000*'a'
        b = 1000*'b'
        l.append({ 'a' : a, 'b' : b })
    mem()

proc = mp.Process(target=memoryhog)
proc.start()
proc.join()

mem()

yields

Memory usage         :  5.80 MB
...creating list of dicts...
Memory usage         :  234.20 MB
Memory usage         :  5.90 MB

Answer 2

That might be somewhat useful, using multiprocessing and a library called Ray which uses shared memory to perform multi-gb data sharing between processes. This way is easy to spawn a secondary process and still access the same objects quick and easy from the parent process.