WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT 后跟 CHECK CONSTRAINT vs. ADD CONSTRAINT

Question

I'm looking at the AdventureWorks sample database for SQL Server 2008, and I see in their creation scripts that they tend to use the following:

ALTER TABLE [Production].[ProductCostHistory] WITH CHECK ADD 
CONSTRAINT [FK_ProductCostHistory_Product_ProductID] FOREIGN KEY([ProductID])
  REFERENCES [Production].[Product] ([ProductID])
GO

followed immediately by :

ALTER TABLE [Production].[ProductCostHistory] CHECK CONSTRAINT     
[FK_ProductCostHistory_Product_ProductID]
GO

I see this for foreign keys (as here), unique constraints and regular CHECK constraints; DEFAULT constraints use the regular format I am more familiar with such as:

ALTER TABLE [Production].[ProductCostHistory] ADD  CONSTRAINT  
[DF_ProductCostHistory_ModifiedDate]  DEFAULT (getdate()) FOR [ModifiedDate]
GO

What is the difference, if any, between doing it the first way versus the second?

Answer 1

The first syntax is redundant - the WITH CHECK is default for new constraints, and the constraint is turned on by default as well.

This syntax is generated by the SQL management studio when generating sql scripts -- I'm assuming it's some sort of extra redundancy, possibly to ensure the constraint is enabled even if the default constraint behavior for a table is changed.

Answer 2

To demonstrate how this works--

CREATE TABLE T1 (ID INT NOT NULL, SomeVal CHAR(1));
ALTER TABLE T1 ADD CONSTRAINT [PK_ID] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (ID);

CREATE TABLE T2 (FKID INT, SomeOtherVal CHAR(2));

INSERT T1 (ID, SomeVal) SELECT 1, 'A';
INSERT T1 (ID, SomeVal) SELECT 2, 'B';

INSERT T2 (FKID, SomeOtherVal) SELECT 1, 'A1';
INSERT T2 (FKID, SomeOtherVal) SELECT 1, 'A2';
INSERT T2 (FKID, SomeOtherVal) SELECT 2, 'B1';
INSERT T2 (FKID, SomeOtherVal) SELECT 2, 'B2';
INSERT T2 (FKID, SomeOtherVal) SELECT 3, 'C1';  --orphan
INSERT T2 (FKID, SomeOtherVal) SELECT 3, 'C2';  --orphan

--Add the FK CONSTRAINT will fail because of existing orphaned records
ALTER TABLE T2 ADD CONSTRAINT FK_T2_T1 FOREIGN KEY (FKID) REFERENCES T1 (ID);   --fails

--Same as ADD above, but explicitly states the intent to CHECK the FK values before creating the CONSTRAINT
ALTER TABLE T2 WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT FK_T2_T1 FOREIGN KEY (FKID) REFERENCES T1 (ID);    --fails

--Add the CONSTRAINT without checking existing values
ALTER TABLE T2 WITH NOCHECK ADD CONSTRAINT FK_T2_T1 FOREIGN KEY (FKID) REFERENCES T1 (ID);  --succeeds
ALTER TABLE T2 CHECK CONSTRAINT FK_T2_T1;   --succeeds since the CONSTRAINT is attributed as NOCHECK

--Attempt to enable CONSTRAINT fails due to orphans
ALTER TABLE T2 WITH CHECK CHECK CONSTRAINT FK_T2_T1;    --fails

--Remove orphans
DELETE FROM T2 WHERE FKID NOT IN (SELECT ID FROM T1);

--Enabling the CONSTRAINT succeeds
ALTER TABLE T2 WITH CHECK CHECK CONSTRAINT FK_T2_T1;    --succeeds; orphans removed

--Clean up
DROP TABLE T2;
DROP TABLE T1;

Answer 3

Further to the above excellent comments about trusted constraints:

select * from sys.foreign_keys where is_not_trusted = 1 ;
select * from sys.check_constraints where is_not_trusted = 1 ;

An untrusted constraint, much as its name suggests, cannot be trusted to accurately represent the state of the data in the table right now. It can, however, but can be trusted to check data added and modified in the future.

Additionally, untrusted constraints are disregarded by the query optimiser.

The code to enable check constraints and foreign key constraints is pretty bad, with three meanings of the word "check".

ALTER TABLE [Production].[ProductCostHistory] 
WITH CHECK -- This means "Check the existing data in the table".
CHECK CONSTRAINT -- This means "enable the check or foreign key constraint".
[FK_ProductCostHistory_Product_ProductID] -- The name of the check or foreign key constraint, or "ALL".

Answer 4

当表中的现有数据不符合定义的约束并且您不希望它与您正在实施的新约束发生冲突时，也可以使用WITH NOCHECK ...

Answer 5

WITH CHECK is indeed the default behaviour however it is good practice to include within your coding.

The alternative behaviour is of course to use WITH NOCHECK , so it is good to explicitly define your intentions. This is often used when you are playing with/modifying/switching inline partitions.

Answer 6

Foreign key and check constraints have the concept of being trusted or untrusted, as well as being enabled and disabled. See the MSDN page for ALTER TABLE for full details.

WITH CHECK is the default for adding new foreign key and check constraints, WITH NOCHECK is the default for re-enabling disabled foreign key and check constraints. It's important to be aware of the difference.

Having said that, any apparently redundant statements generated by utilities are simply there for safety and/or ease of coding. Don't worry about them.

Answer 7

Here is some code I wrote to help us identify and correct untrusted CONSTRAINTs in a DATABASE. It generates the code to fix each issue.

    ;WITH Untrusted (ConstraintType, ConstraintName, ConstraintTable, ParentTable, IsDisabled, IsNotForReplication, IsNotTrusted, RowIndex) AS
(
    SELECT 
        'Untrusted FOREIGN KEY' AS FKType
        , fk.name AS FKName
        , OBJECT_NAME( fk.parent_object_id) AS FKTableName
        , OBJECT_NAME( fk.referenced_object_id) AS PKTableName 
        , fk.is_disabled
        , fk.is_not_for_replication
        , fk.is_not_trusted
        , ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY OBJECT_NAME( fk.parent_object_id), OBJECT_NAME( fk.referenced_object_id), fk.name) AS RowIndex
    FROM 
        sys.foreign_keys fk 
    WHERE 
        is_ms_shipped = 0 
        AND fk.is_not_trusted = 1       

    UNION ALL

    SELECT 
        'Untrusted CHECK' AS KType
        , cc.name AS CKName
        , OBJECT_NAME( cc.parent_object_id) AS CKTableName
        , NULL AS ParentTable
        , cc.is_disabled
        , cc.is_not_for_replication
        , cc.is_not_trusted
        , ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY OBJECT_NAME( cc.parent_object_id), cc.name) AS RowIndex
    FROM 
        sys.check_constraints cc 
    WHERE 
        cc.is_ms_shipped = 0
        AND cc.is_not_trusted = 1

)
SELECT 
    u.ConstraintType
    , u.ConstraintName
    , u.ConstraintTable
    , u.ParentTable
    , u.IsDisabled
    , u.IsNotForReplication
    , u.IsNotTrusted
    , u.RowIndex
    , 'RAISERROR( ''Now CHECKing {%i of %i)--> %s ON TABLE %s'', 0, 1' 
        + ', ' + CAST( u.RowIndex AS VARCHAR(64))
        + ', ' + CAST( x.CommandCount AS VARCHAR(64))
        + ', ' + '''' + QUOTENAME( u.ConstraintName) + '''' 
        + ', ' + '''' + QUOTENAME( u.ConstraintTable) + '''' 
        + ') WITH NOWAIT;'
    + 'ALTER TABLE ' + QUOTENAME( u.ConstraintTable) + ' WITH CHECK CHECK CONSTRAINT ' + QUOTENAME( u.ConstraintName) + ';' AS FIX_SQL
FROM Untrusted u
CROSS APPLY (SELECT COUNT(*) AS CommandCount FROM Untrusted WHERE ConstraintType = u.ConstraintType) x
ORDER BY ConstraintType, ConstraintTable, ParentTable;

Answer 8

Dare I say it, it feels like it might be an SSMS (inverted logic) bug; in that the explicit inclusion/use of the 'WITH CHECK' would be needed for the 2nd (existing/reenabled constraint) statement, not the first (new/'with-check' defaulted).

I'm wondering whether they've just applied the generation of the 'WITH CHECK' clause to the wrong SQL statement / the 1st T-SQL statement rather than the 2nd one - assuming they're trying to default the use of the check for both scenarios - for both a new constraint or (the reenabling of) an existing one.

(Seems to make sense to me, as the longer a check constraint is disabled, the theoretically increased chance that broken/check-constraint-invalid data might have crept-in in the meantime.)