返回子类时方法的返回类型不兼容

Question

I am trying to define a method to return all neighbours of a given vertex on a graph given by the signature

public abstract class GraphClass<V extends Vertex<?>,E extends Edge<V,?>> implements UndirectedGraph<V,E>{
.
.
.
        public ArrayList<V> getNeighbors(V v) {...}
}

I wish to override this method from my KTree class which extends the above GraphClass as follows

public class KTree extends GraphClass<KVertex,KEdge> {...
    public ArrayList<KVertex> getNeighbors(KVertex v) {
            return v.getAdjList();
    }
}

Which gives me the following error

Incompatible types. found 'java.ustil.ArrayList>', required 'java.ustil.ArrayList'

---

The KVertex class also extends the original Vertex class where the .getAdjList() method is found

public class KVertex extends Vertex<Integer> {...}

---

 public class Vertex<V>{
        protected ArrayList<Vertex<V>> neighbours = new ArrayList<>();
        ...
        public ArrayList<Vertex<V>> getAdjList(){
            return neighbours;
        }
    }

---

My assumption when writing this method was that returning a subclass of that type should still be a valid return type because of KVertex Inheriting Vertex class, and preserving the is-a relationship. How might I properly define the KVertex class or the getNeighbours method so that I could return a list of any subclass of Vertex. Thank You!

Answer 1

The main problem resides in the Vertex class the method

public ArrayList<Vertex<V>> getAdjList()
{
  return neighbours;
}

implies that it will return a ArrayList<Vertex<Integer>> for your KVertex class.

But getNeighbours(V v) wants to return an ArrayList<KVertex> which is no covariant with ArrayList<Vertex<Integer>> so this can't happen. The is-a relationship is valid between classes, not between type variables: a List<KVertex> is-not-a List<Vertex<Integer>> .

A solution to your problem is to pass the real type of the Vertex to the class itself, eg:

  class Vertex<V, R extends Vertex<V, R>>
  {
    protected List<R> neighbours = new ArrayList<>();

    public List<R> getAdjList()
    {
      return neighbours;
    }
  }

  public abstract class GraphClass<V extends Vertex<?,?>,E extends Edge<V,?>> implements UndirectedGraph<V,E>
  {
    public abstract List<? extends V> getNeighbors(V v);
  }

  public class KVertex extends Vertex<Integer, KVertex>
  {

  }


  public class KTree extends GraphClass<KVertex,KEdge>
  {
    @Override
    public List<KVertex> getNeighbors(KVertex v)
    {
       return v.getAdjList();
    }
  }

In this way you make the getAdjList return a List of the type that extends your Vertex<V> .

Answer 2

Hmmm... I'm not really sure, but maybe this will work...

public class Vertex<V>{
        protected ArrayList<Vertex<V>> neighbours = new ArrayList<Vertex<V>>();
        ...
        public ArrayList<Vertex<V>> getAdjList(){
            return neighbours;
        }
    }