返回专用类型的通用协议 swift 的方法

Question

I have a generic protocol which has a method that returns the generic parameter. There are two implementations of the protocol that both have string as the return type. I want a method to build a particular instance similar to a class cluster based on some parameter. The method constrains the generic type but there is an error when trying to return:

"Cannot convert return expression of type StringReturn into return type T"

protocol GenericProtocol {

    typealias ReturnType

    func doSomething() -> ReturnType

}

struct StringReturn : GenericProtocol {

    func doSomething() -> String {
        return "first"
    }

}

struct AnotherStringReturn : GenericProtocol {

    func doSomething() -> String {
        return "another"
    }

}

func build<T : GenericProtocol where T.ReturnType == String>(param: String) -> T {

    if .. {
        return StringReturn()
    } else {
        return AnotherStringReturn
    }

}

Answer 1

What you are trying to achieve is to use a generic function to create a instance of an object using Swift's Type Constraints.

Note the general syntax from Apple's documentation:

 func someFunction<T: SomeClass, U: SomeProtocol>(someT: T, someU: U) { // function body goes here }

In you function, it's not possible to infer at the time of function execution what type T is because you aren't passing it to the function as a parameter, hence you can't say what type is the output.

If you want to use a generic function with type constraints you could add some init to your protocol and use a function like this:

func build<T : GenericProtocol where T.ReturnType == String>(object: T.Type, param: String) -> T {
  // Your code here
  return T.init()
}

let str = build(StringReturn.self, param: "name")

Hope it helps!

Answer 2

It is possible to achieve using Opaque Types rather than Protocol generics at newest Swift versions.

Swift 5.3

You can think of an opaque type like being the reverse of a generic type. Generic types let the code that calls a function pick the type for that function's parameters and return value in a way that's abstracted away from the function implementation. For example, the function in the following code returns a type that depends on its caller:

Apple documentation

Example

protocol Fighter { }
struct XWing: Fighter { }

func launchFighter() -> Fighter {
    XWing()
}

let red5 = launchFighter()

It needs keyword some before your protocol name:

func launchOpaqueFighter() -> some Fighter {
    XWing()
}