如何在Typescript接口文件中表示返回类型？

Question

What is the difference between the following code:

changeName(): ng.IPromise<any>;

and

changeName: () => ng.IPromise<any>;

I understand one is a return type but I am confused about the first one.

Here's the function body:

changeName = (): ng.IPromise<any> => {
        var self = this;
        self.chnAction = "PREFERENCES.CHANGE_NAME.SUBMITTING_BUTTON_TEXT";
        self.chnErrorMessage = null;
        return self.uss.changeName(
            self.chnNewFirstName,
            self.chnNewLastName)
            .then(
            (response: ng.IHttpPromiseCallbackArg<any>): any => {
                self.chnAction = "PREFERENCES.CHANGE_NAME.SUBMITTED_BUTTON_TEXT";
                self.chnNewFirstName = '';
                self.chnNewLastName = '';
                self.chnErrorMessage = null;
                self.logout();
                return this.$state.go('home.auth', { content: 'change_name_success' });
            },
            (error: ng.IHttpPromiseCallbackArg<any>): ng.IPromise<any> => {
                if (error.status === 500) {
                    self.chnErrorMessage = 'AUTH_SERVICE.UNABLE_TO_CONTACT_SERVER';
                } else {
                    var errors: string[] = [];
                    Object.keys(error.data.modelState).forEach((key) => {
                        errors.push.apply(errors, error.data.modelState[key]);
                    });
                    self.chnErrorMessage = errors[0];
                    self.chnErrorMessages = errors;
                    self.chnAction = "PREFERENCES.CHANGE_NAME.SUBMIT_BUTTON_TEXT";
                }
                return this.$q.reject(error);
            });
    };

Answer 1

The fundamental difference is this:

• changeName(): ng.IPromise<any>; represents a method .
• changeName: () => ng.IPromise<any>; represents a property that can hold a function (this matches changeName = (): ng.IPromise<any> => { ... }; since that is assigning a function to a property).

Because of that the differences between properties and methods apply. Here's one example:

interface MyInterface {
    myMethod(): string;
    myProperty: () => string;
}

class MyBaseClass implements MyInterface {
    myMethod() {
        return "string";
    }

    myProperty = () => "string";
}

class MyChildClass extends MyBaseClass {
    myMethod() {
        return super.myMethod();
    }

    myProperty = () => super.myProperty(); // error
}

The reason why using an arrow function property instead of a method is sometimes done is because arrow functions assigned to properties preserve the value of this no matter what is bound to it...

class MyClass {
    myMethod() {
        console.log(this);
    }

    myProperty = () => console.log(this);
}

new MyClass().myMethod.call({});   // outputs {}
new MyClass().myProperty.call({}); // outputs the instance of MyClass

...since the value of this is preserved in the constructor...

var MyClass = (function () {
    function MyClass() {
        // captures this here
        var _this = this;
        // guaranteed to always use instance of class for `this`
        this.myProperty = function () { return console.log(_this); };
    }
    MyClass.prototype.myMethod = function () {
        // not guarnateed to always use instance of class
        console.log(this);
    };
    return MyClass;
})();

Sidenote : You can read about .call in JS here .

Answer 2

It would be better to show whole code sample. Hopefully the following example will explain your question:

class MyClass {

    changeName(): number {
        return 5;
    }

    changeName2 = ():number => {
        return 5;
    }
}

transpiles to:

var MyClass = (function () {
    function MyClass() {
        this.changeName2 = function () {
            return 5;
        };
    }
    MyClass.prototype.changeName = function () {
        return 5;
    };
    return MyClass;
})();

[ Playground ]

There is an in-depth explanation of the differences between these two definitions in: Declaring javascript object method in constructor function vs. in prototype

Answer 3

On an interface there's no difference. Here's an interface that uses both notations (let's use string as the return type for clarity):

interface MyInterface {
    foo(): string; // preferred
    bar: () => string;
}

Here, foo is a function with return type string . And the type of bar is also a function with the return type string . The first notation is usually cleaner. The following object matches the interface:

let x: MyInterface = {
    foo: () => "",
    bar: () => ""
}

On a class , one notation is adds the function to the prototype, while the other adds it as a property of the new instance ( this.myFunc = ... ). This has exactly the same effect that it has in JavaScript (and you almost never need to add a function/method as an instance property).

class MyClass {
    bar(): string { return ""; } // prototype, preferred
    foo = () => ""; // instance property
}

As we can see below, the class fits our original interface, even though I've reversed foo and bar . Therefore the interface does not impose the implementation detail of how the method will be set.

let y: MyInterface = new MyClass();

Note that a class is not a special type - it's effectively an interface plus an implementation. So you can use MyClass as you would any other type (whether defined as an interface or class):

let z: MyClass = {
    foo: () => "",
    bar: () => ""
}

With respect to types (which is what an interface defines), there is no difference, though when used in a class the notations produce different implementations.

Answer 4

What is the difference between the following code

As you don't have added more code to see what actually is been configured. As i can see you have two lines of code:

changeName(): ng.IPromise<any>;

As per this code one can understand that it is returning a promise of type any, which could be anything, an object, string, array, number etc.

So one can say that the changeName() will return a ng.IPromise value of type of <any> thing.

---

While the other line of code:

changeName: () => ng.IPromise<any>;

Says that this function will return a value ng.IPromise of <any> thing.