仅调试时出现“纯虚函数调用”错误

Question

The following "Event" code snippet shows the "pure virtual function call" error. However, as mentioned in the title, it happens only when deploying on DEBUG. What makes me curious is why it works flawlessly on RELEASE and why it does even crash (on DEBUG). Alternatively, you can see the snippet here .

#include <list>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

// use base class to resolve the problem of how to put into collection objects of different types
template <typename TPropertyType>
struct PropertyChangedDelegateBase
{
    virtual ~PropertyChangedDelegateBase(){};
    virtual void operator()(const TPropertyType& t) = 0;
};

template <typename THandlerOwner, typename TPropertyType>
struct PropertyChangedDelegate : public PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>
{
    THandlerOwner* pHandlerOwner_;

    typedef void (THandlerOwner::*TPropertyChangeHandler)(const TPropertyType&);
    TPropertyChangeHandler handler_;

public:
    PropertyChangedDelegate(THandlerOwner* pHandlerOwner, TPropertyChangeHandler handler) :
      pHandlerOwner_(pHandlerOwner), handler_(handler){}

    void operator()(const TPropertyType& t)
    {
        (pHandlerOwner_->*handler_)(t);
    }
};

template<typename TPropertyType>
class PropertyChangedEvent
{
public:
    virtual ~PropertyChangedEvent(){};

    void add(PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const d)
    {
        std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const>::const_iterator it = std::find(observers_.begin(), observers_.end(), d);
        if(it != observers_.end())
            throw std::runtime_error("Observer already registered");

        observers_.push_back(d);
    }


    void remove(PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const d)
    {      
        std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const>::const_iterator it = std::find(observers_.begin(), observers_.end(), d);
        if(it != observers_.end())
            observers_.remove(d);
    }  

    // notify
    void operator()(const TPropertyType& newValue)
    {
        std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const>::const_iterator it = observers_.begin();
        for(; it != observers_.end(); ++it)
        {
            (*it)->operator()(newValue);
        }
    }

protected:
    std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const> observers_;
};

class PropertyOwner
{
    int property1_;
    float property2_;

public:
    PropertyChangedEvent<int> property1ChangedEvent;
    PropertyChangedEvent<float> property2ChangedEvent;

    PropertyOwner() :
        property1_(0),
        property2_(0.0f)
    {}  

    int property1() const {return property1_;}
    void property1(int n)
    {
        if(property1_ != n)
        {
            property1_ = n;
            property1ChangedEvent(n);
        }
    }

    float property2() const {return property2_;}
    void property2(float n)
    {
        if(property2_ != n)
        {
            property2_ = n;
            property2ChangedEvent(n);
        }
    }
};

struct PropertyObserver
{  
    void OnPropertyChanged(const int& newValue)
    {
        std::cout << "PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged() -> new value is: " << newValue << std::endl;
    }
};

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    PropertyOwner propertyOwner;
    PropertyObserver propertyObserver;

    // register observers
    PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int> delegate(&propertyObserver, &PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged);

    propertyOwner.property1ChangedEvent.add(&delegate); // Ok!
    propertyOwner.property1ChangedEvent.add(&PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int>(&propertyObserver, &PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged)); // Error: Virtual pure function call (Debug only)
    propertyOwner.property1(1);

    return getchar();
}

Answer 1

I would assume that the error is misnomer and that the problem is more likely to do with the scope that the second delegate lives. Plus declaring it outside is easier to read.

Passing around an object created on the stack rather than the heap by reference is usually a bad idea. Once the item declaration is out of scope the object is usually forgotten about.

Answer 2

The general issue is that you are binding to a temporary that gets destroyed and thus has an empty vtable and of course it generates a pure virtual call when invoked on the change of the property. If you add a dtor for the base class this is quite easy to observe:

#include <list>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

// use base class to resolve the problem of how to put into collection objects of different types
template <typename TPropertyType>
struct PropertyChangedDelegateBase
{
    virtual ~PropertyChangedDelegateBase(){};
    virtual void operator()(const TPropertyType& t) = 0;
};

template <typename THandlerOwner, typename TPropertyType>
struct PropertyChangedDelegate : public PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>
{
    THandlerOwner* pHandlerOwner_;

    typedef void (THandlerOwner::*TPropertyChangeHandler)(const TPropertyType&);
    TPropertyChangeHandler handler_;

public:
    PropertyChangedDelegate(THandlerOwner* pHandlerOwner, TPropertyChangeHandler handler) :
        pHandlerOwner_(pHandlerOwner), handler_(handler)
    {
        std::cout << "0x" << std::hex << this << " created!" << std::endl;
    }

    void operator()(const TPropertyType& t)
    {
        (pHandlerOwner_->*handler_)(t);
    }

    ~PropertyChangedDelegate()
    {
        std::cout << "0x" << std::hex << this << " destroyed!" << std::endl;
    }
};

template<typename TPropertyType>
class PropertyChangedEvent
{
public:
    virtual ~PropertyChangedEvent(){};

    void add(PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const d)
    {
        std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const>::const_iterator it = std::find(observers_.begin(), observers_.end(), d);
        if (it != observers_.end())
            throw std::runtime_error("Observer already registered");

        observers_.push_back(d);
    }


    void remove(PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const d)
    {
        std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const>::const_iterator it = std::find(observers_.begin(), observers_.end(), d);
        if (it != observers_.end())
            observers_.remove(d);
    }

    // notify
    void operator()(const TPropertyType& newValue)
    {
        std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const>::const_iterator it = observers_.begin();
        for (; it != observers_.end(); ++it)
        {
            std::cout << "Invoking 0x" << std::hex << *it << std::endl;
            (*it)->operator()(newValue);
        }
    }

protected:
    std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const> observers_;
};

class PropertyOwner
{
    int property1_;
    float property2_;

public:
    PropertyChangedEvent<int> property1ChangedEvent;
    PropertyChangedEvent<float> property2ChangedEvent;

    PropertyOwner() :
        property1_(0),
        property2_(0.0f)
    {}

    int property1() const { return property1_; }
    void property1(int n)
    {
        if (property1_ != n)
        {
            property1_ = n;
            property1ChangedEvent(n);
        }
    }

    float property2() const { return property2_; }
    void property2(float n)
    {
        if (property2_ != n)
        {
            property2_ = n;
            property2ChangedEvent(n);
        }
    }
};

struct PropertyObserver
{
    void OnPropertyChanged(const int& newValue)
    {
        std::cout << "PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged() -> new value is: " << newValue << std::endl;
    }
};

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    PropertyOwner propertyOwner;
    PropertyObserver propertyObserver;

    // register observers
    PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int> delegate(&propertyObserver, &PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged);

    propertyOwner.property1ChangedEvent.add(&delegate); // Ok!
    propertyOwner.property1ChangedEvent.add(&PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int>(&propertyObserver, &PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged)); // Error: Virtual pure function call (Debug only)
    propertyOwner.property1(1);

    return getchar();
}

Basically you are just running into undefined behavior - the object is destroyed in both cases, but in Release the vtable is not destroyed so you get by.

Answer 3

This:

propertyOwner.property1ChangedEvent.add(
    &PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int>(
    &propertyObserver, 
    &PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged)
);

You are capturing a pointer to a temporary object PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int> . Pointer to this object becomes invalid as soon as function call is over and temporary is destroyed. Dereferencing this pointer is undefined behavior.

In your program, memory ownership relations are critical and you should think them through carefully. You need to ensure that all your pointers outlive objects that rely on them, either manually:

PropertyChangedDelegate<PropertyObserver, int> delegate2 = {
    &propertyObserver, 
    &PropertyObserver::OnPropertyChanged
};

propertyOwner.property1ChangedEvent.add(&delegate2);

or by using smart pointers ( std::unique_ptr<> , std::shared_ptr<> ).

Another bug:

C++11 compliant compier should not allow you doing this:

std::list<PropertyChangedDelegateBase<TPropertyType>* const> observers_;

The error I got with Visual Studio 2015 is:

The C++ Standard forbids containers of const elements because allocator is ill-formed.`

See: Does C++11 allow vector<const T> ?

Bonus:

Your C++ style looks quite a bit obsolete. You might want to try automatic type deduction:

for(auto it = observers_.begin(); it != observers_.end(); ++it)
{
    (*it)->operator()(newValue);
}

or, better, ranged for loops:

for(auto observer : observers)
{
    observer(newValue);
}

You might want to take a look to:

• The Definitive C++ Book Guide and List
• C++ Core Guidelines