在 Bash 中使用“set -e”时如何捕获 ERR

Question

I have a simple script:

#!/bin/bash
set -e
trap "echo BOO!" ERR 

function func(){
    ls /root/
}

func

I would like to trap ERR if my script fails (as it will here b/c I do not have the permissions to look into /root). However, when using set -e it is not trapped. Without set -e ERR is trapped.

According to the bash man page, for set -e :

... A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. ...

Why isn't my trap executed? From the man page it seems like it should.

Answer 1

chepner's answer is the best solution : If you want to combine set -e (same as: set -o errexit ) with an ERR trap, also use set -o errtrace (same as: set -E ) .

In short: use set -eE in lieu of just set -e :

#!/bin/bash

set -eE  # same as: `set -o errexit -o errtrace`
trap 'echo BOO!' ERR 

function func(){
  ls /root/
}

# Thanks to -E / -o errtrace, this still triggers the trap, 
# even though the failure occurs *inside the function*.
func 

^{A more sophisticated example trap example that prints the message in red and also prints the exit code:
trap 'printf "\\e[31m%s: %s\\e[m\\n" "BOO!" $?' ERR}

---

man bash says about set -o errtrace / set -E :

If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. The ERR trap is normally not inherited in such cases.

What I believe is happening:

• Without -e : The ls command fails inside your function, and, due to being the last command in the function, the function reports ls 's nonzero exit code to the caller, your top-level script scope. In that scope , the ERR trap is in effect, and it is invoked (but note that execution will continue, unless you explicitly call exit from the trap).

• With -e (but without -E ): The ls command fails inside your function , and because set -e is in effect, Bash instantly exits, directly from the function scope - and since there is no ERR trap in effect there (because it wasn't inherited from the parent scope), your trap is not called.

While the man page is not incorrect, I agree that this behavior is not exactly obvious - you have to infer it.

Answer 2

您需要对函数使用set -o errtrace来继承陷阱。

Answer 3

Replace ERR with EXIT and it will work.

The syntax of the trap command is: trap [COMMANDS] [SIGNALS]

For more info, please read http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_12_02.html

Answer 4

We have these options for debugging:

• -e Exit immediately on failure
• -E If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions
• -u Exit when there is an unbound variable
• -o Give a option-name to set
  • pipefail The return values of last (rightmost) command (exit code)
• -v Print all shell input lines as they are read
• -x Print trace of commands

---

For handling the errors we can catch directory with trap

trap 'echo >&2 "Error - exited with status $? at line $LINENO' ERR

Or a better version ref :

trap 'echo >&2 "Error - exited with status $? at line $LINENO:";
         pr -tn $0 | tail -n+$((LINENO - 3)) | head -n7' ERR

Or a function:

function __error_handing__(){
    local last_status_code=$1;
    local error_line_number=$2;
    echo 1>&2 "Error - exited with status $last_status_code at line $error_line_number";
    perl -slne 'if($.+5 >= $ln && $.-4 <= $ln){ $_="$. $_"; s/$ln/">" x length($ln)/eg; s/^\D+.*?$/\e[1;31m$&\e[0m/g;  print}' -- -ln=$error_line_number $0
}

and call it this way:

trap  '__error_handing__ $? $LINENO' ERR