Matplotlib 通过颜色图绘制带有颜色的线条

Question

I am plotting multiple lines on a single plot and I want them to run through the spectrum of a colormap, not just the same 6 or 7 colors. The code is akin to this:

for i in range(20):
     for k in range(100):
          y[k] = i*x[i]
     plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()

Both with colormap "jet" and another that I imported from seaborn, I get the same 7 colors repeated in the same order. I would like to be able to plot up to ~60 different lines, all with different colors.

Answer 1

The Matplotlib colormaps accept an argument ( 0..1 , scalar or array) which you use to get colors from a colormap. For example:

col = plt.cm.jet([0.25,0.75])    

Gives you an array with (two) RGBA colors:

array([[ 0. , 0.50392157, 1. , 1. ], [ 1. , 0.58169935, 0. , 1. ]])

You can use that to create N different colors:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pylab as pl

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 64)
y = np.cos(x) 

pl.figure()
pl.plot(x,y)

n = 20
colors = pl.cm.jet(np.linspace(0,1,n))

for i in range(n):
    pl.plot(x, i*y, color=colors[i])

Answer 2

Bart's solution is nice and simple but has two shortcomings.

1. plt.colorbar() won't work in a nice way because the line plots aren't mappable (compared to, eg, an image)

2. It can be slow for large numbers of lines due to the for loop (though this is maybe not a problem for most applications?)

These issues can be addressed by using LineCollection . However, this isn't too user-friendly in my (humble) opinion. There is an open suggestion on GitHub for adding a multicolor line plot function, similar to the plt.scatter(...) function.

Here is a working example I was able to hack together

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection

def multiline(xs, ys, c, ax=None, **kwargs):
    """Plot lines with different colorings

    Parameters
    ----------
    xs : iterable container of x coordinates
    ys : iterable container of y coordinates
    c : iterable container of numbers mapped to colormap
    ax (optional): Axes to plot on.
    kwargs (optional): passed to LineCollection

    Notes:
        len(xs) == len(ys) == len(c) is the number of line segments
        len(xs[i]) == len(ys[i]) is the number of points for each line (indexed by i)

    Returns
    -------
    lc : LineCollection instance.
    """

    # find axes
    ax = plt.gca() if ax is None else ax

    # create LineCollection
    segments = [np.column_stack([x, y]) for x, y in zip(xs, ys)]
    lc = LineCollection(segments, **kwargs)

    # set coloring of line segments
    #    Note: I get an error if I pass c as a list here... not sure why.
    lc.set_array(np.asarray(c))

    # add lines to axes and rescale 
    #    Note: adding a collection doesn't autoscalee xlim/ylim
    ax.add_collection(lc)
    ax.autoscale()
    return lc

Here is a very simple example:

xs = [[0, 1],
      [0, 1, 2]]
ys = [[0, 0],
      [1, 2, 1]]
c = [0, 1]

lc = multiline(xs, ys, c, cmap='bwr', lw=2)

Produces:

And something a little more sophisticated:

n_lines = 30
x = np.arange(100)

yint = np.arange(0, n_lines*10, 10)
ys = np.array([x + b for b in yint])
xs = np.array([x for i in range(n_lines)]) # could also use np.tile

colors = np.arange(n_lines)

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
lc = multiline(xs, ys, yint, cmap='bwr', lw=2)

axcb = fig.colorbar(lc)
axcb.set_label('Y-intercept')
ax.set_title('Line Collection with mapped colors')

Produces:

Hope this helps!

Answer 3

An anternative to Bart's answer, in which you do not specify the color in each call to plt.plot is to define a new color cycle with set_prop_cycle . His example can be translated into the following code (I've also changed the import of matplotlib to the recommended style):

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 64)
y = np.cos(x) 

n = 20
ax = plt.axes()
ax.set_prop_cycle('color',[plt.cm.jet(i) for i in np.linspace(0, 1, n)])

for i in range(n):
    plt.plot(x, i*y)

Answer 4

If you are using continuous color pallets like brg, hsv, jet or the default one then you can do like this:

color = plt.cm.hsv(r) # r is 0 to 1 inclusive

Now you can pass this color value to any API you want like this:

line = matplotlib.lines.Line2D(xdata, ydata, color=color)