Python：将numpy符号数组转换为int和back

Question

I'm trying to convert from a numpy array of signs (ie, a numpy array whose entries are either 1. or -1. ) to an integer and back through a binary representation. I have something that works, but it's not Pythonic, and I expect it'll be slow.

def sign2int(s):
    s[s==-1.] = 0.
    bstr = ''
    for i in range(len(s)):
        bstr = bstr + str(int(s[i]))
    return int(bstr, 2)

def int2sign(i, m):
    bstr = bin(i)[2:].zfill(m)
    s = []
    for d in bstr:
        s.append(float(d))
    s = np.array(s)
    s[s==0.] = -1.
    return s

Then

>>> m = 4
>>> s0 = np.array([1., -1., 1., 1.])
>>> i = sign2int(s0)
>>> print i
11
>>> s = int2sign(i, m)
>>> print s
[ 1. -1.  1.  1.]

I'm concerned about (1) the for loops in each and (2) having to build an intermediate representation as a string.

Ultimately, I will want something that works with a 2-d numpy array, too---eg,

>>> s = np.array([[1., -1., 1.], [1., 1., 1.]])
>>> print sign2int(s)
[5, 7]

Answer 1

For 1d arrays you can use this one linear Numpythonic approach, using np.packbits :

>>> np.packbits(np.pad((s0+1).astype(bool).astype(int), (8-s0.size, 0), 'constant'))
array([11], dtype=uint8)

And for reversing:

>>> unpack = (np.unpackbits(np.array([11], dtype=np.uint8))[-4:]).astype(float)
>>> unpack[unpack==0] = -1
>>> unpack
array([ 1., -1.,  1.,  1.])

And for 2d array:

>>> x, y = s.shape
>>> np.packbits(np.pad((s+1).astype(bool).astype(int), (8-y, 0), 'constant')[-2:])
array([5, 7], dtype=uint8)

And for reversing:

>>> unpack = (np.unpackbits(np.array([5, 7], dtype='uint8'))).astype(float).reshape(x, 8)[:,-y:]
>>> unpack[unpack==0] = -1
>>> unpack
array([[ 1., -1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.]])

Answer 2

I'll start with sig2int .. Convert from a sign representation to binary

>>> a
array([ 1., -1.,  1., -1.])
>>> (a + 1) / 2
array([ 1.,  0.,  1.,  0.])
>>> 

Then you can simply create an array of powers of two, multiply it by the binary and sum.

>>> powers = np.arange(a.shape[-1])[::-1]
>>> np.power(2, powers)
array([8, 4, 2, 1])
>>> a = (a + 1) / 2
>>> powers = np.power(2, powers)
>>> a * powers
array([ 8.,  0.,  2.,  0.])
>>> np.sum(a * powers)
10.0
>>> 

Then make it operate on rows by adding axis information and rely on broadcasting.

def sign2int(a):
    # powers of two
    powers = np.arange(a.shape[-1])[::-1]
    np.power(2, powers, powers)
    # sign to "binary" - add one and divide by two
    np.add(a, 1, a)
    np.divide(a, 2, a)
    # scale by powers of two and sum
    np.multiply(a, powers, a)
    return np.sum(a, axis = -1)
>>> b = np.array([a, a, a, a, a])
>>> sign2int(b)
array([ 11.,  11.,  11.,  11.,  11.])
>>> 

I tried it on a 4 by 100 bit array and it seemed fast

>>> a = a.repeat(100)
>>> b = np.array([a, a, a, a, a])
>>> b
array([[ 1.,  1.,  1., ...,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1., ...,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1., ...,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1., ...,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1., ...,  1.,  1.,  1.]])
>>> sign2int(b)
array([  2.58224988e+120,   2.58224988e+120,   2.58224988e+120,
         2.58224988e+120,   2.58224988e+120])
>>> 

---

I'll add the reverse if i can figure it. - the best I could do relies on some plain Python without any numpy vectoriztion magic and I haven't figured how to make it work with a sequence of ints other than to iterate over them and convert them one at a time - but the time still seems acceptable.

def foo(n):
    '''yields bits in increasing powers of two

    bit sequence from lsb --> msb
    '''
    while n > 0:
        n, r = divmod(n, 2)
        yield r

def int2sign(n):
    n = int(n)
    a = np.fromiter(foo(n), dtype = np.int8, count = n.bit_length())
    np.multiply(a, 2, a)
    np.subtract(a, 1, a)
    return a[::-1]

Works on 1324:

>>> bin(1324)
'0b10100101100'
>>> a = int2sign(1324)
>>> a
array([ 1, -1,  1, -1, -1,  1, -1,  1,  1, -1, -1], dtype=int8)

Seems to work with 1.2e305:

>>> n = int(1.2e305)
>>> n.bit_length()
1014
>>> a = int2sign(n)
>>> a.shape
(1014,)

>>> s = bin(n)
>>> s = s[2:]
>>> all(2 * int(x) -1 == y for x, y in zip(s, a))
True
>>>

Answer 3

Here are some vectorized versions of your functions:

def sign2int(s):
    return int(''.join(np.where(s == -1., 0, s).astype(int).astype(str)), 2)

def int2sign(i, m):
    tmp = np.array(list(bin(i)[2:].zfill(m)))
    return np.where(tmp == "0", "-1", tmp).astype(int)

s0 = np.array([1., -1., 1., 1.])

sign2int(s0)
# 11

int2sign(11, 5)
# array([-1,  1, -1,  1,  1])

To use your functions on 2-d arrays, you can use map function:

s = np.array([[1., -1., 1.], [1., 1., 1.]])

map(sign2int, s)
# [5, 7]

map(lambda x: int2sign(x, 4), [5, 7])
# [array([-1,  1, -1,  1]), array([-1,  1,  1,  1])]

Answer 4

After a bit of testing, the Numpythonic approach of @wwii that doesn't use strings seems to fit what I need best. For the int2sign , I used a for-loop over the exponents with a standard algorithm for the conversion---which will have at most 64 iterations for 64-bit integers. Numpy's broadcasting happens across each integer very efficiently.

packbits and unpackbits are restricted to 8-bit integers; otherwise, I suspect that would've been the best (though I didn't try).

Here are the specific implementations I tested that follow the suggestions in the other answers (thanks to everyone!):

def _sign2int_str(s):
    return int(''.join(np.where(s == -1., 0, s).astype(int).astype(str)), 2)

def sign2int_str(s):
    return np.array(map(_sign2int_str, s))

def _int2sign_str(i, m):
    tmp = np.array(list(bin(i)[2:])).astype(int)
    return np.pad(np.where(tmp == 0, -1, tmp), (m - len(tmp), 0), "constant", constant_values = -1)

def int2sign_str(i,m):
    return np.array(map(lambda x: _int2sign_str(x, m), i.astype(int).tolist())).transpose()

def sign2int_np(s):
    p = np.arange(s.shape[-1])[::-1]
    s = s + 1
    return np.sum(np.power(s, p), axis = -1).astype(int)

def int2sign_np(i,m):
    N = i.shape[-1]
    S = np.zeros((m, N))
    for k in range(m):
        b = np.power(2, m - 1 - k).astype(int)
        S[k,:] = np.divide(i.astype(int), b).astype(float)
        i = np.mod(i, b)        
    S[S==0.] = -1.
    return S

And here is my test:

X = np.sign(np.random.normal(size=(5000, 20)))
N = 100

t = time.time()
for i in range(N):
    S = sign2int_np(X)
print 'sign2int_np: \t{:10.8f} sec'.format((time.time() - t)/N)

t = time.time()
for i in range(N):
    S = sign2int_str(X)
print 'sign2int_str: \t{:10.8f} sec'.format((time.time() - t)/N)

m = 20
S = np.random.randint(0, high=np.power(2,m), size=(5000,))

t = time.time()
for i in range(N):
    X = int2sign_np(S, m)
print 'int2sign_np: \t{:10.8f} sec'.format((time.time() - t)/N)

t = time.time()
for i in range(N):
    X = int2sign_str(S, m)
print 'int2sign_str: \t{:10.8f} sec'.format((time.time() - t)/N)

This produced the following results:

sign2int_np:    0.00165325 sec
sign2int_str:   0.04121902 sec
int2sign_np:    0.00318024 sec
int2sign_str:   0.24846984 sec

Answer 5

I think numpy.packbits is worth another look. Given a real-valued sign array a , you can use numpy.packbits(a > 0) . Decompression is done by numpy.unpackbits . This implicitly flattens multi-dimensional arrays so you'll need to reshape after unpackbits if you have a multi-dimensional array.

Note that you can combine bit packing with conventional compression (eg, zlib or lzma). If there is a pattern or bias to your data, you may get a useful compression factor, but for unbiased random data, you'll typically see a moderate size increase.