遍历List时发生ConcurrentModificationException，尽管未对其进行任何修改

Question

I have following code (UPDATE: I added full code)

public class Triangle {
    private Vertex2D a;
    private Vertex2D b;
    private Vertex2D c;

private boolean divided = false;

public static ArrayList<Triangle> triangles = new ArrayList<>();
public static ArrayList<Triangle> newTriangles = new ArrayList<>();

public Triangle(Vertex2D a, Vertex2D b, Vertex2D c) {
    this.a = a;
    this.b = b;
    this.c = c;
    triangles.add(this);
}

public Triangle(Vertex2D a, Vertex2D b, Vertex2D c, int depth) {
    this(a,b,c);
    if (depth > 0) {
        divide(depth);
    }
}

public Vertex2D getVertexA() {
    return a;
}

public Vertex2D getVertexB() {
    return b;
}

public Vertex2D getVertexC() {
    return c;
}

public boolean isDivided() {
    return divided;
}

public Triangle getSubTriangle(int i) {
    if ((!isDivided()) || (i > (triangles.size() - 1))) {
        return null;
    }
    return triangles.get(i);
}

public boolean divide() {
        if (isDivided()) {
            return false;
        }
        Vertex2D ac = new Vertex2D((getVertexA().getX() + getVertexC().getX()) / 2, (getVertexA().getY() + getVertexC().getY()) / 2);
        Vertex2D bc = new Vertex2D((getVertexB().getX() + getVertexC().getX()) / 2, (getVertexB().getY() + getVertexC().getY()) / 2);
        Vertex2D ab = new Vertex2D((getVertexA().getX() + getVertexB().getX()) / 2, (getVertexA().getY() + getVertexB().getY()) / 2);

        Triangle t1 = new Triangle(a, ab, ac);
        Triangle t2 = new Triangle(ab, b, bc);
        Triangle t3 = new Triangle(ac, bc, c);

        newTriangles.add(t1);
        newTriangles.add(t2);
        newTriangles.add(t3);
        divided = true;
    return true;
}
public boolean divide(int depth) {
    if (depth == 0) return false;
    while (depth > 0) {
        newTriangles.clear();
        for (Iterator<Triangle> iterator = triangles.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
            Triangle t = iterator.next();
            t.divide();
        }
        triangles.addAll(newTriangles);
        divide(depth-1);
        return true;
    }
    return true;
}

}

Vertex2D:

public class Vertex2D {

private double x;
private double y;

public Vertex2D(double x, double y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
}

public double getX() {
    return x;
}

public double getY() {
    return y;
}

public double distance(Vertex2D v) {
    if (v == null) return -1.0;
    return Math.sqrt(Math.pow(this.x - v.getX(),2.0) + Math.pow(this.y - v.getY(),2.0));
}

public String toString() {
    return "[" + x + ", " + y + "]";
}

}

Calling the method

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Vertex2D a = new Vertex2D(-100,0);
    Vertex2D b = new Vertex2D(0,100);
    Vertex2D c = new Vertex2D(100,-100);
    try {
        Triangle triangle = new Triangle(a, b, c, 3);
    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

Everytime I run it I get the ConcurrentModificationException. Now, I know, that this issue has been discussed here many times, but the reason for throwing this exception, was always in adding/removing element from list while iterating it and this is not the case. In my recursive method I create empty temp list, and through iteration I'm only adding new elements to the temp list, leaving iterated list untouched, until the end of the iteration. But I still get the exception. Why is this?

Answer 1

While iterating through triangles:

for (Iterator<Triangle> iterator = triangles.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
      Triangle t = iterator.next();
      t.divide(); //in divide you add new triangle to triangles
    }

You modify tiangles in construcor in method divide():

divide() {
    //....
    Triangle t1 = new Triangle(a, ab, ac);
    //...
}


public Triangle(Vertex2D a, Vertex2D b, Vertex2D c) {
  this.a = a;
  this.b = b;
  this.c = c;
  triangles.add(this);  //this is the place where you modify triangles
}

Answer 2

I had a somewhat similar experience the other day, I found out that you should use the iterator instead of foreach

for (Iterator<Triangle> iterator = triangles.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
    Triangle t = iterator.nect();
    t.divide();
}