MySQL计数仅返回一个结果，除非使用group by

Question

using the SQL query

select u.name,count(u.name) as 'followers'
from user u,follow f
where u.type = 'c' AND f.followee = u.email
group by u.name

gets me the correct value for all users in my database, however, the exact same query without the group by line only gives me the first value. I am learning SQL for the first time and was having a hard time figuring out why this is.

Answer 1

当您使用count without group by计数时，它将对所有记录进行计数并返回single line而当您使用count with group by它将group the users的名称group the users进行group the users并返回each group的计数。

Answer 2

the exact same query without the group by line only gives me the first value.

Not quite.

The query without group by looks like this:

select u.name, count(u.name) as 'followers'
from user u, follow f
where u.type = 'c' AND f.followee = u.email

The query uses COUNT() that is a GROUP BY aggregate function . These functions require the presence of a GROUP BY clause in the query. However, the SQL standard is tolerant and accepts you query and creates a single group from all the rows filtered by the WHERE clause.

On the other side, your query without the GROUP BY clause is invalid.

This is how the GROUP BY queries work:

1. the rows filtered by the WHERE clause are grouped; all the rows from a group have the same value for the first expression present in the GROUP BY clause;
2. if the GROUP BY clause contains two or more expressions, each group created on the first step is split into sub-groups using the second expression from the GROUP BY clause;
3. repeat step 2 for each subsequent expression from the GROUP BY clause, creating nested sub-groups;
4. one single row is computed from each group created on the previous step; the values of this row are computed using only the values of the rows contained in the group;

If a column or an expression from the SELECT clause does not use a GROUP BY aggregate function and is not present in the GROUP BY clause then some groups may contain rows having different values for that column/expression; this is an error.

In order to avoid this to happen, the SQL standard allows in the SELECT clause only expressions that satisfy one of these conditions:

1. the expression also appears in the GROUP BY clause;
2. the expression is computed using a GROUP BY aggregate function ;
3. all the columns used by the expression are functionally dependent on the columns that appear in the GROUP BY clause.

Let's analyze the expressions in the SELECT clause of your query:

• u.name - on the initial query it satisfies condition #1; on the query without GROUP BY it doesn't satisfy any condition. This makes the query invalid SQL.
• count(u.name) - it satisfies condition #2 on both versions of the query; it doesn't make problems.

Even if the version of the query without GROUP BY is not valid SQL, up to version 5.7.5, MySQL allows it but it reserves itself the freedom to return indeterminate values for the invalid expressions ( u.name ).

A quote from the documentation :

In this case, the server is free to choose any value from each group, so unless they are the same, the values chosen are indeterminate, which is probably not what you want. Furthermore, the selection of values from each group cannot be influenced by adding an ORDER BY clause.

In plain English this means that your query without GROUP BY returns the correct value for followers but the value returned for name can be different on different executions of the same query. You cannot observe this behaviour if you run the query multiple times but chances are it will happen after you add or remove rows from the table or you backup the table, truncate it then restore it from the backup (or recreate it on a different machine or different version of MySQL).