如何删除 matplotlib.pyplot 中子图之间的空格？

Question

I am working on a project in which I need to put together a plot grid of 10 rows and 3 columns. Although I have been able to make the plots and arrange the subplots, I was not able to produce a nice plot without white space such as this one below from gridspec documentatation . .

I tried the following posts, but still not able to completely remove the white space as in the example image. Can someone please give me some guidance? Thanks!

• Matplotlib different size subplots
• how to remove “empty” space between subplots?

Here's my image:

Below is my code. The full script is here on GitHub . Note: images_2 and images_fool are both numpy arrays of flattened images with shape (1032, 10), while delta is an image array of shape (28, 28).

def plot_im(array=None, ind=0):
    """A function to plot the image given a images matrix, type of the matrix: \
    either original or fool, and the order of images in the matrix"""
    img_reshaped = array[ind, :].reshape((28, 28))
    imgplot = plt.imshow(img_reshaped)

# Output as a grid of 10 rows and 3 cols with first column being original, second being
# delta and third column being adversaril
nrow = 10
ncol = 3
n = 0

from matplotlib import gridspec
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(30, 30)) 
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(nrow, ncol, width_ratios=[1, 1, 1]) 

for row in range(nrow):
    for col in range(ncol):
        plt.subplot(gs[n])
        if col == 0:
            #plt.subplot(nrow, ncol, n)
            plot_im(array=images_2, ind=row)
        elif col == 1:
            #plt.subplot(nrow, ncol, n)
            plt.imshow(w_delta)
        else:
            #plt.subplot(nrow, ncol, n)
            plot_im(array=images_fool, ind=row)
        n += 1

plt.tight_layout()
#plt.show()
plt.savefig('grid_figure.pdf')

Answer 1

A note at the beginning: If you want to have full control over spacing, avoid using plt.tight_layout() as it will try to arange the plots in your figure to be equally and nicely distributed. This is mostly fine and produces pleasant results, but adjusts the spacing at its will.

The reason the GridSpec example you're quoting from the Matplotlib example gallery works so well is because the subplots' aspect is not predefined. That is, the subplots will simply expand on the grid and leave the set spacing (in this case wspace=0.0, hspace=0.0 ) independent of the figure size.

In contrast to that you are plotting images with imshow and the image's aspect is set equal by default (equivalent to ax.set_aspect("equal") ). That said, you could of course put set_aspect("auto") to every plot (and additionally add wspace=0.0, hspace=0.0 as arguments to GridSpec as in the gallery example), which would produce a plot without spacings.

However when using images it makes a lot of sense to keep an equal aspect ratio such that every pixel is as wide as high and a square array is shown as a square image.
What you will need to do then is to play with the image size and the figure margins to obtain the expected result. The figsize argument to figure is the figure (width, height) in inch and here the ratio of the two numbers can be played with. And the subplot parameters wspace, hspace, top, bottom, left can be manually adjusted to give the desired result. Below is an example:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import gridspec

nrow = 10
ncol = 3

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4, 10)) 

gs = gridspec.GridSpec(nrow, ncol, width_ratios=[1, 1, 1],
         wspace=0.0, hspace=0.0, top=0.95, bottom=0.05, left=0.17, right=0.845) 

for i in range(10):
    for j in range(3):
        im = np.random.rand(28,28)
        ax= plt.subplot(gs[i,j])
        ax.imshow(im)
        ax.set_xticklabels([])
        ax.set_yticklabels([])

#plt.tight_layout() # do not use this!!
plt.show()

Edit:
It is of course desireable not having to tweak the parameters manually. So one could calculate some optimal ones according to the number of rows and columns.

nrow = 7
ncol = 7

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(ncol+1, nrow+1)) 

gs = gridspec.GridSpec(nrow, ncol,
         wspace=0.0, hspace=0.0, 
         top=1.-0.5/(nrow+1), bottom=0.5/(nrow+1), 
         left=0.5/(ncol+1), right=1-0.5/(ncol+1)) 

for i in range(nrow):
    for j in range(ncol):
        im = np.random.rand(28,28)
        ax= plt.subplot(gs[i,j])
        ax.imshow(im)
        ax.set_xticklabels([])
        ax.set_yticklabels([])

plt.show()

Answer 2

Try to add to your code this line:

fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0, hspace=0)

And for every an axis object set:

ax.set_xticklabels([])
ax.set_yticklabels([])

Answer 3

Following the answer by ImportanceOfBeingErnest, but if you want to use plt.subplots and its features:

fig, axes = plt.subplots(
    nrow, ncol,
    gridspec_kw=dict(wspace=0.0, hspace=0.0,
                     top=1. - 0.5 / (nrow + 1), bottom=0.5 / (nrow + 1),
                     left=0.5 / (ncol + 1), right=1 - 0.5 / (ncol + 1)),
    figsize=(ncol + 1, nrow + 1),
    sharey='row', sharex='col', #  optionally
)

Answer 4

If you are using matplotlib.pyplot.subplots you can display as many images as you want using Axes arrays. You can remove the spaces between images by making some adjustments to the matplotlib.pyplot.subplots configuration.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def show_dataset_overview(self, img_list):
"""show each image in img_list without space"""
    img_number = len(img_list)
    img_number_at_a_row = 3
    row_number = int(img_number /img_number_at_a_row) 
    fig_size = (15*(img_number_at_a_row/row_number), 15)
    _, axs = plt.subplots(row_number, 
                          img_number_at_a_row, 
                          figsize=fig_size , 
                          gridspec_kw=dict(
                                       top = 1, bottom = 0, right = 1, left = 0, 
                                       hspace = 0, wspace = 0
                                       )
                         )
    axs = axs.flatten()

    for i in range(img_number):
        axs[i].imshow(img_list[i])
        axs[i].set_xticks([])
        axs[i].set_yticks([])

Since we create subplots here first, we can give some parameters for grid_spec using the gridspec_kw parameter( source ). Among these parameters are the "top = 1, bottom = 0, right = 1, left = 0, hspace = 0, wspace = 0" parameters that will prevent inter-image spacing. To see other parameters, please visit here .

I usually use a figure size like (30,15) when setting the figure_size above. I generalized this a bit and added it to the code. If you wish, you can enter a manual size here.

Answer 5

Here's another simple approach using the ImageGrid class (adapted from this answer ).

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import ImageGrid

nrow = 5
ncol = 3
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4, 10))
grid = ImageGrid(fig, 
                 111, # as in plt.subplot(111)
                 nrows_ncols=(nrow,ncol),
                 axes_pad=0,
                 share_all=True,)

for row in grid.axes_column:
    for ax in row:
        im = np.random.rand(28,28)
        ax.imshow(im)
        ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
        ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)