什么是接口的haskell等价物？

Question

I would like to implement modules that are guaranteed to export a similar set of functions.

For the sake of an example: Suppose I want to translate a word. Every word is mapped from the source language (let's say English ) to the target language (let's say Spanish and Russian ).

My main application would import the models for Spanish and Russian and chooses a default model, Russian. I would like to guarantee, that each model has:

• a function translateToken :: String -> String
• a function translatePhrase :: String -> String

in which the specific behaviour is implemented.

How do I do this?

Edit , regarding Lee's answer: How do i create data types with record syntax that contain functions that use guards?

-- let's suppose I want to use a function with guards in a record.
-- how can and should i define that?

data Model  = Model { translateToken :: String -> String}

-- idea 1) should I define the functions separately, like this?
-- how do I do this in a way that does not clutter the module?
f l
  | l == "foo" = "bar"

main :: IO ()
main = print $ translateToken x "foo"
  where
    x = Model {translateToken=f}
    -- idea 2) define the function when creating the record,
    -- despite the syntax error, this seems messy:
    -- x = Model {name=(f l | l == "foo" = "bar")}

-- idea 3) update the record later

Answer 1

You can create a type containing the functions you want eg

data Model = Model { translateToken :: String -> String,
                     translatePhrase :: String -> String }

then create values for Spanish and Russian.

Answer 2

That would be typeclasses. From Learn You a Haskell : "Typeclasses are more like interfaces. "

You'd define your own typeclass (untested):

  class Translation a where
    translateToken :: a -> String -> String
    translatePhrase :: a -> String -> String

and implement it as

  instance Translation Spanish where
     translateToken = spanishTranslateToken
     translatePhrase = spanishTranslatePhrase

See also Real Word Haskell on typeclasses

Answer 3

A class , sometimes referred to as a "type class". Don't get this confused with your usual OO-classes though, Haskell classes don't have data, and generally don't have implementations (with the exception of generic defaults).