异步/等待 Class 构造函数

Question

At the moment, I'm attempting to use async/await within a class constructor function. This is so that I can get a custom e-mail tag for an Electron project I'm working on.

customElements.define('e-mail', class extends HTMLElement {
  async constructor() {
    super()

    let uid = this.getAttribute('data-uid')
    let message = await grabUID(uid)

    const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'})
    shadowRoot.innerHTML = `
      <div id="email">A random email message has appeared. ${message}</div>
    `
  }
})

At the moment however, the project does not work, with the following error:

Class constructor may not be an async method

Is there a way to circumvent this so that I can use async/await within this? Instead of requiring callbacks or.then()?

Answer 1

This can never work.

The async keyword allows await to be used in a function marked as async but it also converts that function into a promise generator. So a function marked with async will return a promise. A constructor on the other hand returns the object it is constructing. Thus we have a situation where you want to both return an object and a promise: an impossible situation.

You can only use async/await where you can use promises because they are essentially syntax sugar for promises. You can't use promises in a constructor because a constructor must return the object to be constructed, not a promise.

There are two design patterns to overcome this, both invented before promises were around.

1. Use of an init() function. This works a bit like jQuery's .ready() . The object you create can only be used inside it's own init or ready function:

   Usage:

    var myObj = new myClass(); myObj.init(function() { // inside here you can use myObj });

   Implementation:

    class myClass { constructor () { } init (callback) { // do something async and call the callback: callback.bind(this)(); } }

2. Use a builder. I've not seen this used much in javascript but this is one of the more common work-arounds in Java when an object needs to be constructed asynchronously. Of course, the builder pattern is used when constructing an object that requires a lot of complicated parameters. Which is exactly the use-case for asynchronous builders. The difference is that an async builder does not return an object but a promise of that object:

   Usage:

    myClass.build().then(function(myObj) { // myObj is returned by the promise, // not by the constructor // or builder }); // with async/await: async function foo () { var myObj = await myClass.build(); }

   Implementation:

    class myClass { constructor (async_param) { if (typeof async_param === 'undefined') { throw new Error('Cannot be called directly'); } } static build () { return doSomeAsyncStuff() .then(function(async_result){ return new myClass(async_result); }); } }

   Implementation with async/await:

    class myClass { constructor (async_param) { if (typeof async_param === 'undefined') { throw new Error('Cannot be called directly'); } } static async build () { var async_result = await doSomeAsyncStuff(); return new myClass(async_result); } }

Note: although in the examples above we use promises for the async builder they are not strictly speaking necessary. You can just as easily write a builder that accept a callback.

---

Note on calling functions inside static functions.

This has nothing whatsoever to do with async constructors but with what the keyword this actually mean (which may be a bit surprising to people coming from languages that do auto-resolution of method names, that is, languages that don't need the this keyword).

The this keyword refers to the instantiated object. Not the class. Therefore you cannot normally use this inside static functions since the static function is not bound to any object but is bound directly to the class.

That is to say, in the following code:

class A {
    static foo () {}
}

You cannot do:

var a = new A();
a.foo() // NOPE!!

instead you need to call it as:

A.foo();

Therefore, the following code would result in an error:

class A {
    static foo () {
        this.bar(); // you are calling this as static
                    // so bar is undefinned
    }
    bar () {}
}

To fix it you can make bar either a regular function or a static method:

function bar1 () {}

class A {
    static foo () {
        bar1();   // this is OK
        A.bar2(); // this is OK
    }

    static bar2 () {}
}

Answer 2

You can definitely do this, by returning an Immediately Invoked Async Function Expression from the constructor. IIAFE is the fancy name for a very common pattern that was required in order to use await outside of an async function, before top-level await became available:

(async () => {
  await someFunction();
})();

We'll be using this pattern to immediately execute the async function in the constructor, and return its result as this :

 // Sample async function to be used in the async constructor async function sleep(ms) { return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms)); } class AsyncConstructor { constructor(value) { return (async () => { // Call async functions here await sleep(500); this.value = value; // Constructors return `this` implicitly, but this is an IIFE, so // return `this` explicitly (else we'd return an empty object). return this; })(); } } (async () => { console.log('Constructing...'); const obj = await new AsyncConstructor(123); console.log('Done:', obj); })();

To instantiate the class, use:

const instance = await new AsyncConstructor(...);

For TypeScript, you need to assert that the type of the constructor is the class type, rather than a promise returning the class type:

class AsyncConstructor {
  constructor(value) {
    return (async (): Promise<AsyncConstructor> => {
      // ...
      return this;
    })() as unknown as AsyncConstructor;  // <-- type assertion
  }
}

Downsides

1. Extending a class with an async constructor will have a limitation. If you need to call super in the constructor of the derived class, you'll have to call it without await . If you need to call the super constructor with await , you'll run into TypeScript error 2337: Super calls are not permitted outside constructors or in nested functions inside constructors.
2. It's been argued that it's a "bad practice" to have a constructor function return a Promise .

Before using this solution, determine whether you'll need to extend the class, and document that the constructor must be called with await .

Answer 3

Because async functions are promises, you can create a static function on your class which executes an async function which returns the instance of the class:

class Yql {
  constructor () {
    // Set up your class
  }

  static init () {
    return (async function () {
      let yql = new Yql()
      // Do async stuff
      await yql.build()
      // Return instance
      return yql
    }())
  }  

  async build () {
    // Do stuff with await if needed
  }
}

async function yql () {
  // Do this instead of "new Yql()"
  let yql = await Yql.init()
  // Do stuff with yql instance
}

yql()

Call with let yql = await Yql.init() from an async function.

Answer 4

Unlike others have said, you can get it to work.

JavaScript class es can return literally anything from their constructor , even an instance of another class. So, you might return a Promise from the constructor of your class that resolves to its actual instance.

Below is an example:

export class Foo {

    constructor() {

        return (async () => {

            // await anything you want

            return this; // Return the newly-created instance
        })();
    }
}

Then, you'll create instances of Foo this way:

const foo = await new Foo();

Answer 5

The stopgap solution

You can create an async init() {... return this;} method, then instead do new MyClass().init() whenever you'd normally just say new MyClass() .

This is not clean because it relies on everyone who uses your code, and yourself, to always instantiate the object like so. However if you're only using this object in a particular place or two in your code, it could maybe be fine.

A significant problem though occurs because ES has no type system, so if you forget to call it, you've just returned undefined because the constructor returns nothing. Oops. Much better would be to do something like:

The best thing to do would be:

class AsyncOnlyObject {
    constructor() {
    }
    async init() {
        this.someField = await this.calculateStuff();
    }

    async calculateStuff() {
        return 5;
    }
}

async function newAsync_AsyncOnlyObject() {
    return await new AsyncOnlyObject().init();
}

newAsync_AsyncOnlyObject().then(console.log);
// output: AsyncOnlyObject {someField: 5}

---

The factory method solution (slightly better)

However then you might accidentally do new AsyncOnlyObject, you should probably just create factory function that uses Object.create(AsyncOnlyObject.prototype) directly:

async function newAsync_AsyncOnlyObject() {
    return await Object.create(AsyncOnlyObject.prototype).init();
}

newAsync_AsyncOnlyObject().then(console.log);
// output: AsyncOnlyObject {someField: 5}

However say you want to use this pattern on many objects... you could abstract this as a decorator or something you (verbosely, ugh) call after defining like postProcess_makeAsyncInit(AsyncOnlyObject) , but here I'm going to use extends because it sort of fits into subclass semantics (subclasses are parent class + extra, in that they should obey the design contract of the parent class, and may do additional things; an async subclass would be strange if the parent wasn't also async, because it could not be initialized the same way):

---

Abstracted solution (extends/subclass version)

class AsyncObject {
    constructor() {
        throw new Error('classes descended from AsyncObject must be initialized as (await) TheClassName.anew(), rather than new TheClassName()');
    }

    static async anew(...args) {
        var R = Object.create(this.prototype);
        R.init(...args);
        return R;
    }
}

class MyObject extends AsyncObject {
    async init(x, y=5) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        // bonus: we need not return 'this'
    }
}

MyObject.anew('x').then(console.log);
// output: MyObject {x: "x", y: 5}

(do not use in production: I have not thought through complicated scenarios such as whether this is the proper way to write a wrapper for keyword arguments.)

Answer 6

Based on your comments, you should probably do what every other HTMLElement with asset loading does: make the constructor start a sideloading action, generating a load or error event depending on the result.

Yes, that means using promises, but it also means "doing things the same way as every other HTML element", so you're in good company. For instance:

var img = new Image();
img.onload = function(evt) { ... }
img.addEventListener("load", evt => ... );
img.onerror = function(evt) { ... }
img.addEventListener("error", evt => ... );
img.src = "some url";

this kicks off an asynchronous load of the source asset that, when it succeeds, ends in onload and when it goes wrong, ends in onerror . So, make your own class do this too:

class EMailElement extends HTMLElement {
  connectedCallback() {
    this.uid = this.getAttribute('data-uid');
  }

  setAttribute(name, value) {
    super.setAttribute(name, value);
    if (name === 'data-uid') {
      this.uid = value;
    }
  }

  set uid(input) {
    if (!input) return;
    const uid = parseInt(input);
    // don't fight the river, go with the flow, use a promise:
    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      yourDataBase.getByUID(uid, (err, result) => {
        if (err) return reject(err);
        resolve(result);
      });
    })
    .then(result => {
      this.renderLoaded(result.message);
    })
    .catch(error => {
      this.renderError(error);
    });
  }
};

customElements.define('e-mail', EmailElement);

And then you make the renderLoaded/renderError functions deal with the event calls and shadow dom:

  renderLoaded(message) {
    const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});
    shadowRoot.innerHTML = `
      <div class="email">A random email message has appeared. ${message}</div>
    `;
    // is there an ancient event listener?
    if (this.onload) {
      this.onload(...);
    }
    // there might be modern event listeners. dispatch an event.
    this.dispatchEvent(new Event('load'));
  }

  renderFailed() {
    const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});
    shadowRoot.innerHTML = `
      <div class="email">No email messages.</div>
    `;
    // is there an ancient event listener?
    if (this.onload) {
      this.onerror(...);
    }
    // there might be modern event listeners. dispatch an event.
    this.dispatchEvent(new Event('error'));
  }

Also note I changed your id to a class , because unless you write some weird code to only ever allow a single instance of your <e-mail> element on a page, you can't use a unique identifier and then assign it to a bunch of elements.

Answer 7

I usually prefer a static async method that returns a new instance, but here's another way to do it. It's closer to literally awaiting a constructor. It works with TypeScript.

class Foo {
  #promiseReady;

  constructor() {
    this.#promiseReady = this.#init();
  }

  async #init() {
    await someAsyncStuff();
    return this;

  }

  ready() {
    return this.promiseReady;
  }
}

let foo = await new Foo().ready();

Answer 8

I made this test-case based on @Downgoat's answer.
It runs on NodeJS. This is Downgoat's code where the async part is provided by a setTimeout() call.

'use strict';
const util = require( 'util' );

class AsyncConstructor{

  constructor( lapse ){
    this.qqq = 'QQQ';
    this.lapse = lapse;
    return ( async ( lapse ) => {
      await this.delay( lapse );
      return this;
    })( lapse );
  }

  async delay(ms) {
    return await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
  }

}

let run = async ( millis ) => {
  // Instatiate with await, inside an async function
  let asyncConstructed = await new AsyncConstructor( millis );
  console.log( 'AsyncConstructor: ' + util.inspect( asyncConstructed ));
};

run( 777 );

My use case is DAOs for the server-side of a web application.
As I see DAOs, they are each one associated to a record format, in my case a MongoDB collection like for instance a cook.
A cooksDAO instance holds a cook's data.
In my restless mind I would be able to instantiate a cook's DAO providing the cookId as an argument, and the instantiation would create the object and populate it with the cook's data.
Thus the need to run async stuff into the constructor.
I wanted to write:

let cook = new cooksDAO( '12345' );  

to have available properties like cook.getDisplayName() .
With this solution I have to do:

let cook = await new cooksDAO( '12345' );  

which is very similar to the ideal.
Also, I need to do this inside an async function.

My B-plan was to leave the data loading out of the constructor, based on @slebetman suggestion to use an init function, and do something like this:

let cook = new cooksDAO( '12345' );  
async cook.getData();

which doesn't break the rules.

Answer 9

Use the async method in constructor???

constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    (async () => await this.qwe(() => console.log(props), () => console.log(props)))();
}

async qwe(q, w) {
    return new Promise((rs, rj) => {
        rs(q());
        rj(w());
    });
}

Answer 10

If you can avoid extend , you can avoid classes all together and use function composition as constructors . You can use the variables in the scope instead of class members:

async function buildA(...) {
  const data = await fetch(...);
  return {
    getData: function() {
      return data;
    }
  }
}

and simple use it as

const a = await buildA(...);

If you're using typescript or flow, you can even enforce the interface of the constructors

Interface A {
  getData: object;
}

async function buildA0(...): Promise<A> { ... }
async function buildA1(...): Promise<A> { ... }
...

Answer 11

Variation on the builder pattern, using call():

function asyncMethod(arg) {
    function innerPromise() { return new Promise((...)=> {...}) }
    innerPromise().then(result => {
        this.setStuff(result);
    }
}

const getInstance = async (arg) => {
    let instance = new Instance();
    await asyncMethod.call(instance, arg);
    return instance;
}

Answer 12

I found myself in a situation like this and ended up using an IIFE

// using TypeScript

class SomeClass {
    constructor() {
        // do something here
    }

    doSomethingAsync(): SomeClass {
        (async () => await asyncTask())();
        return this;
    }
}

const someClass = new SomeClass().doSomethingAsync();

If you have other tasks that are dependant on the async task you can run them after the IIFE completes its execution.

Answer 13

您可以在此处查看异步构造函数的代理机制 - https://dev.to/bakasura980/comment/1l379

Answer 14

A lot of great knowledge here and some super() thoughtful responses. In short the technique outlined below is fairly straightforward, non-recursive, async-compatible and plays by the rules. More importantly I don't believe it has been properly covered here yet - though please correct me if wrong!

Instead of method calls we simply assign an II(A)FE to an instance prop:

// it's async-lite!
class AsyncLiteComponent {
  constructor() {
    // our instance includes a 'ready' property: an IIAFE promise
    // that auto-runs our async needs and then resolves to the instance
    // ...
    // this is the primary difference to other answers, in that we defer
    // from a property, not a method, and the async functionality both
    // auto-runs and the promise/prop resolves to the instance
    this.ready = (async () => {
      // in this example we're auto-fetching something
      this.msg = await AsyncLiteComponent.msg;
      // we return our instance to allow nifty one-liners (see below)
      return this;
    })();
  }

  // we keep our async functionality in a static async getter
  // ... technically (with some minor tweaks), we could prefetch
  // or cache this response (but that isn't really our goal here)
  static get msg() {
    // yes I know - this example returns almost immediately (imagination people!)
    return fetch('data:,Hello%20World%21').then((e) => e.text());
  }
}

Seems simple enough, how is it used?

// Ok, so you *could* instantiate it the normal, excessively boring way
const iwillnotwait = new AsyncLiteComponent();
// and defer your waiting for later
await iwillnotwait.ready
console.log(iwillnotwait.msg)

// OR OR OR you can get all async/awaity about it!
const onlywhenimready = await new AsyncLiteComponent().ready;
console.log(onlywhenimready.msg)

// ... if you're really antsy you could even "pre-wait" using the static method,
// but you'd probably want some caching / update logic in the class first
const prefetched = await AsyncLiteComponent.msg;

// ... and I haven't fully tested this but it should also be open for extension
class Extensior extends AsyncLiteComponent {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.ready.then(() => console.log(this.msg))
  } 
}
const extendedwaittime = await new Extensior().ready;

Before posting I had a brief discussion on the viability of this technique in the comments of @slebetman's comprehensive answer . I wasn't entirely convinced by the outright dismissal, so thought I would open it up to further debate / tear down. Please do your worst :)

Answer 15

You can use Proxy's construct handle to do this, the code like this:

const SomeClass = new Proxy(class A {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
  }
}, {
  async construct(target, args, newTarget) {
    const [name] = args;
    // you can use await in here
    const user = await fetch(name);
    // invoke new A here
    return new target(user);
  }
});

const a = await new SomeClass('cage');
console.log(a.user); // user info

Answer 16

That can be done.
A simple code:

class test
{
   constructor ()
   {
      return new Promise ( (resolve, reject) => { resolve(this); });
   }
   doHello() {console.log("hello");}
}
async function main()
{
   let t = await new test(); //invoking synchronously
   t.doHello(); //t is not a pormise
}
main();

Or same as above but with real delays added, with setTimeout

class test
{
   constructor ()
   {
      return new Promise ( (resolve, reject) =>
      {
         setTimeout (resolve, 5, this);
      });
   }
   doHello() {console.log("hello");}
}
async function main()
{  
   let t = new test(); //now t is a promise
   t.then((a)=>{ a.doHello();}); //a is the real reference to test instance
   console.log("testing"); //"testing" will be printed 5 seconds before "hello"
}
main();

And here a piece from my code in real life, with async image loading:

class HeightMap extends GlVAObject
{
   #vertices = [];
   constructor (src, crossOrigin = "")
   {
      //super(theContextSetup);
      let image = new Image();
      image.src = src;
      image.crossOrigin = crossOrigin;
      return new Promise ( (resolve, reject) =>
         {
            image.addEventListener('load',  () =>
            {
               //reading pixel values from image into this.#vertices
               //and generate a heights map
               //...
               resolve(this);
            } );
         });
   }
///...
}
async function main()
{
   let vao = await new HeightMap ("./heightmaps/ArisonaCraterHeightMap.png");
///...
}
main();

Answer 17

You may immediately invoke an anonymous async function that returns message and set it to the message variable. You might want to take a look at immediately invoked function expressions (IEFES), in case you are unfamiliar with this pattern. This will work like a charm.

var message = (async function() { return await grabUID(uid) })()

Answer 18

You should add then function to instance. Promise will recognize it as a thenable object with Promise.resolve automatically

const asyncSymbol = Symbol();
class MyClass {
    constructor() {
        this.asyncData = null
    }
    then(resolve, reject) {
        return (this[asyncSymbol] = this[asyncSymbol] || new Promise((innerResolve, innerReject) => {
            this.asyncData = { a: 1 }
            setTimeout(() => innerResolve(this.asyncData), 3000)
        })).then(resolve, reject)
    }
}

async function wait() {
    const asyncData = await new MyClass();
    alert('run 3s later')
    alert(asyncData.a)
}

Answer 19

The other answers are missing the obvious. Simply call an async function from your constructor:

constructor() {
    setContentAsync();
}

async setContentAsync() {
    let uid = this.getAttribute('data-uid')
    let message = await grabUID(uid)

    const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'})
    shadowRoot.innerHTML = `
      <div id="email">A random email message has appeared. ${message}</div>
    `
}

Answer 20

@slebetmen's accepted answer explains well why this doesn't work. In addition to the two patterns presented in that answer, another option is to only access your async properties through a custom async getter. The constructor() can then trigger the async creation of the properties, but the getter then checks to see if the property is available before it uses or returns it.

This approach is particularly useful when you want to initialize a global object once on startup, and you want to do it inside a module. Instead of initializing in your index.js and passing the instance in the places that need it, simply require your module wherever the global object is needed.

Usage

const instance = new MyClass();
const prop = await instance.getMyProperty();

Implementation

class MyClass {
  constructor() {
    this.myProperty = null;
    this.myPropertyPromise = this.downloadAsyncStuff();
  }
  async downloadAsyncStuff() {
    // await yourAsyncCall();
    this.myProperty = 'async property'; // this would instead by your async call
    return this.myProperty;
  }
  getMyProperty() {
    if (this.myProperty) {
      return this.myProperty;
    } else {
      return this.myPropertyPromise;
    }
  }
}

Answer 21

The closest you can get to an asynchronous constructor is by waiting for it to finish executing if it hasn't already in all of its methods:

class SomeClass {
    constructor() {
        this.asyncConstructor = (async () => {
            // Perform asynchronous operations here
        })()
    }

    async someMethod() {
        await this.asyncConstructor
        // Perform normal logic here
    }
}