文件访问模式“w”和“wb”的区别

Question

What is the different between these blocks of code. I tried to search for "wb" but don't see it anywhere. The file containing "wb" is from on of my tutors

FILE *f = fopen(DB_FILE_NAME, "wb");
    if (f == NULL) {
        printf("Write error\n");
    } else {
        /* write n_students elements of the studentlist array */
        fwrite(studentlist, sizeof(student_t), n_students, f);
        fclose(f);
    }  

and

FILE *f = fopen(DB_FILE_NAME, "w");
    if (f == NULL) {
        printf("Write error\n");
    } else {
        /* write n_students elements of the studentlist array */
        fwrite(studentlist, sizeof(student_t), n_students, f);
        fclose(f);
    }

Answer 1

Specifying "b" in the access mode prevents (some implementations of) the standard library from translating a few characters when reading/writing to the file.

Most common translation is for end of line: \n is translated to \r\n in Windows.

Answer 2

Absolutely any reference on the fopen() function would have told you this. For instance the manual page which is the common documentation used in Unix-like environments:

The mode string can also include the letter 'b' either as a last character or as a character between the characters in any of the two-character strings described above. This is strictly for compatibility with C89 and has no effect; the 'b' is ignored on all POSIX conforming systems, including Linux. (Other systems may treat text files and binary files differently, and adding the 'b' may be a good idea if you do I/O to a binary file and expect that your program may be ported to non-UNIX environments.)

So, it stands for b inary and is useful to indicate that you intend to treat the contents of the file as not being text.

For your code, binary access seems right. However, directly writing raw struct values is generally a very bad idea, since you don't know the exact internal format used by the compiler and it can change unexpectedly. For files that should be shared and/or accessed "later", this is not the proper way to do it in C. Look into serialization.

Answer 3

In fopen documentation :

With the mode specifiers above the file is open as a text file. In order to open a file as a binary file, a "b" character has to be included in the mode string. This additional "b" character can either be appended at the end of the string (thus making the following compound modes: "rb", "wb", "ab", "r+b", "w+b", "a+b") or be inserted between the letter and the "+" sign for the mixed modes ("rb+", "wb+", "ab+").