有没有办法在 jshell 中对顶级函数使用方法引用？

Question

Suppose I do this in jshell:

jshell> void printIsEven(int i) {
   ...>     System.out.println(i % 2 == 0);
   ...> }
|  created method printIsEven(int)

jshell> List<Integer> l = Arrays.asList(7,5,4,8,5,9);
l ==> [7, 5, 4, 8, 5, 9]

jshell> l.forEach(/* ??? */); // is it possible to use a method reference here?

In a normal program I could write l.forEach(this::printIsEven) in a non-static context or l.forEach(MyClass::printIsEven) in the static context of a class named MyClass .

Using this::printIsEven in jshell doesn't work because jshell executes statements in a static context, but you can't use a static method reference because there's no class name to prefix ::printIsEven , and trying l.forEach(::printIsEven) is just a syntax error.

Answer 1

You can create a new class for that:

jshell> class Foo { static void printIsEven(int i) {
   ...>     System.out.println(i % 2 == 0);
   ...> }}
|  created class Foo

jshell> Arrays.asList(1,2,3).forEach(Foo::printIsEven)
false
true
false

Technically it is no longer a top-level function, but it achieves the desired effect.

Now, if you knew that and still want to reference top-level methods...

As far as I can tell, the "top-level class" that holds "state" for the shell is jdk.jshell.JShell , but jdk.jshell.JShell::printIsEven results in Error: invalid method reference . And you already mentioned it's not possible to make top-level methods static ( Modifier 'static' not permitted in top-level declarations, ignored ).

After a quick look at the JEP , it seems intentional. And it actually mentions the "define-static-method-in-new-class" approach from above .

I'm guessing the top-level "class" needs special magic to be able to redefine methods & other top-level declarations, and the limitations might derive from the JVM's own limitations in its ability to redefine classes/methods at runtime . The source is interesting but I'm not able to derive a meaningful answer from that.

---

Edit: So, I kinda got carried away. This is your fault.
I still think it's not possible to obtain a method reference to a top-level method in jshell, but... my previous guess about the reasons why is probably wrong.

The following shows that in jshell, when you "redefine" a class, the old class is still there: the evaluation context just shifts some mappings to resolve further references to the new class definition.

jshell> class A { static int v=1; void m() { System.out.println(getClass() + " v=" + v); } }
|  created class A

jshell> new A().m()
class REPL.$JShell$11$A v=1

// Changing static value of "v"
jshell> class A { static int v=2; void m() { System.out.println(getClass() + " v=" + v); } }
|  modified class A

// Actually not modified, this is still the same class (and as a result the static init of v has not been reexecuted, so, still 1)
jshell> new A().m()
class REPL.$JShell$11$A v=1

// Let's add a boolean field to change the structure
jshell> class A { static int v=3; boolean x=false; void m() { System.out.println(getClass() + " v=" + v); } }
|  replaced class A

// Notice new class name:
jshell> new A().m()
class REPL.$JShell$11B$A v=3

// But old version is still there, only hidden a bit by evaluation context:
jshell> Class.forName("REPL.$JShell$11$A").getDeclaredField("v").getInt(null)
$7 ==> 1

jshell> Class.forName("REPL.$JShell$11B$A").getDeclaredField("v").getInt(null)
$8 ==> 3

So this little demo suggests it has nothing to do with JVM internals for class redefinition, because no such thing happens here.

Then I wanted to see the list of all loaded classes:

jshell> Class c = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getClass()
c ==> class jdk.jshell.execution.DefaultLoaderDelegate$RemoteClassLoader

jshell> while (c != java.lang.ClassLoader.class) { c = c.getSuperclass(); System.out.println(c); }
class java.net.URLClassLoader
class java.security.SecureClassLoader
class java.lang.ClassLoader

jshell> c.getDeclaredField("classes").setAccessible(true)
|  java.lang.reflect.InaccessibleObjectException thrown: Unable to make field private final java.util.Vector java.lang.ClassLoader.classes accessible: module java.base does not "opens java.lang" to unnamed module @7494e528
|        at AccessibleObject.checkCanSetAccessible (AccessibleObject.java:337)
|        at AccessibleObject.checkCanSetAccessible (AccessibleObject.java:281)
|        at Field.checkCanSetAccessible (Field.java:175)
|        at Field.setAccessible (Field.java:169)
|        at (#26:1)

Ah, yes, Java 9 modules... dammit :)

Oh, well, that'll be all for today.

Answer 2

Being thoroughly aware of a risk stating an obvious thing, there's an easier way to refer to top-level function declaration, compared to wrapping them in classes.

jshell> void printIsEven(int i) {
...>     System.out.println(i % 2 == 0);
...> }
|  created method printIsEven(int)

jshell> List<Integer> l = Arrays.asList(7,5,4,8,5,9);
l ==> [7, 5, 4, 8, 5, 9]

jshell> l.forEach(i -> printIsEven(i)); // lambdas can refer to top-level declarations

It's not what's been asked, but it's just a handy way to use eg streams APIs.