错误：“i”的外部声明跟在没有链接的声明之后

Question

In the following program, I thought that extern int i; will change the following i to refer to the i defined outside main :

#include <stdio.h>

extern int i=1; // warning: 'i' initialized and declared 'extern'

int main()
{
    int i=2;
    printf("%d\n", i);
    extern int i; // error: extern declaration of 'i' follows declaration with no linkage
    printf("%d\n", i);
    return 0;
}

What is the reason of the "error: extern declaration of 'i' follows declaration with no linkage", where "declaration with no linkage" refers to int i=2; ?

After I remove int i=2 in main ,

• the error is gone,
• the warning "warning: 'i' initialized and declared 'extern'" on extern int i=1; also disappear . Why is that?

Thank you for explanations!

Answer 1

#include <stdio.h>

int i=1;  // external variable

int main()
{
    int i=2;            // local variable
    printf("%d\n", i);  // print local variable i==2

    {
    extern int i;       // point to external variable
    printf("%d\n", i);  // print external variable i==1
    }

    return 0;
}

Answer 2

Once you define a variable named i inside your main function, the i at file scope is masked and cannot be accessed (unless you have its address).

When you later add the declaration extern int i , this conflicts with the local variable named i at the same scope since locals can't have external linkage. It does not give you access to the global i .

When you remove the local i , the extern int i declaration matches up with the definition at file scope, so there is no error. As for the warning on extern int i=1; , that did not go away for me on gcc 4.1.2, so that depends on the compiler.

Answer 3

Question: What is the reason of the "error: extern declaration of 'i' follows declaration with no linkage", where "declaration with no linkage" refers to int i=2;?
Answer: We do not need to use the extern keyword here on line 3 when it is a single file in a program and there is no other file in the same program or other location on the same file where the variable int i has its definition. There are two main reasons we can use extern keyword in C:
1. When we want to declare a variable explicitly/globally but without its definition.
2. To make the variable globally visible from any other file in a multi-file program or other location of the same file (see Ihdina's exmaple for this scenario).
Compiling your code on my system I get the following error,
error: extern declaration of 'i' follows non-extern declaration . which totally makes sense that the compiler detects the extern on line 9 as a duplicate declaration of the same variable int i on line 7.

Question: After I remove int i=2 in main, the error is gone, the warning "warning: 'i' initialized and declared 'extern'" on extern int i=1; also disappear . Why is that?
Answer: After removing the int i=2; the error was gone on my system but still I have the following warning message:
warning: 'extern' variable has an initializer [-Wextern-initializer] Basically my system ( Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42) ) does not like the explicit initialization with extern keyword. So, you should modify your code as per Ihdina's answer which compiles without error.