Scala上下类型边界

Question

I'm having trouble finding a way in scala to simultaneously impose an upper and lower type bound. I need to make a generic function where the type parameter is both hashable (subtype of AnyRef) and nullable (supertype of Null).

I could achieve the former like this:

def foo[T <: AnyRef](t: T) = ???

And the latter like this:

def bar[T >: Null)(t: T) = ???

Is there a way that I can do both simultaneously? Thanks.

Answer 1

What about this?

def foo[T >: Null <: AnyRef](t: T) = ???

It should work. That is:

foo(42) // does not compile 
foo(null) // compiles
foo("hello") // compiles

Answer 2

Any type that is a subclass of AnyRef can be assigned the value null , so you do not need the upper bound.

def foo[T <: AnyRef](x: T) = x
foo(null) // returns null

That said, since you need to be able to hash the value, it should be noted that if you attempt to dereference null (eg null.hashCode ) you will get a NullPointerException . For example:

def foo[T <: AnyRef](x: T) = x.hashCode
foo(null) // Throws an NPE

Furthermore, any use of null in Scala programs is strongly discouraged. Bearing all that in mind, I think what you might really want is something like this, which works for any type:

def foo[T](x: Option[T]) = x.hashCode
def foo(None) // Works. None is equivalent to no value (and Option(null) == None).
def foo(Some(1)) // Works. Note an Int isn't an AnyRef or nullable!
def foo(Some("Hello, world!")) // Works
def foo(Option(null)) // Works.
def foo(Option(z)) // Works, where z can be any reference type value, including null.

Option[T] is a functional means of dealing with undefined values (such as nullable types ), and it works for any type T .