Haskell模块优化

Question

I have a problem with Haskell module optimization.

There is Main module.

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
module Main where

import Control.DeepSeq
import Formatting
import Formatting.Clock
import System.Clock

import Data.Array

size :: Int
size = 200 :: Int

stdMult     :: (Ix a, Ix b, Ix c, Num d) =>
               Array (a,b) d -> Array (b,c) d -> Array (a,c) d
stdMult x y =  array resultBounds
                 [((i,j), sum [ x!(i,k) * y!(k,j) | k <- range (lj,uj)])
                                   | i <- range (li,ui),
                                     j <- range (lj',uj') ]
    where ((li,lj),(ui,uj))     = bounds x
          ((li',lj'),(ui',uj')) = bounds y
          resultBounds
            | (lj,uj)==(li',ui') = ((li,lj'),(ui,uj'))
            | otherwise = error "error"


main :: IO ()
main = do
  let a = array ((1,1),(size, size)) [((i,j), 2*i-j) |
                                  i <- range (1,size),
                                  j <- range (1,size)]
  let b = array ((1,1),(size, size)) [((i,j), 2*i+3*j) |
                                  i <- range (1,size)`,
                                  j <- range (1,size)]

  start <- getTime ProcessCPUTime
  let
    c = stdMult a b
  end <- c `deepseq` getTime ProcessCPUTime
  fprint (timeSpecs % "\n") start end
  return()

When stdMult in Main module, everything works ok. I replace stdMult to another module. When I don't use ghc optimization, execution time is the same. When I use ghc options -O3, when stdMult in Main module time execution decreases, but when stdMult in another module, execution time is almost unchanged! For example, when stdMult in Main I have time 3 seconds, and when stdMult not in Main I have time 30 seconds, for matrix 500x500.

It is very strange!

Answer 1

(You need the clock and formatting packages from Hackage to compile the code.)

I can reproduce the 10x slowdown when stdMult is in a different module. Luckily a fix is easy: in the module where stdMult is defined, add an INLINABLE pragma:

{-# INLINABLE stdMult #-}

It adds the definition to the interface file ( .hi ) which allows inlining in the modules that uses it, which in turn allows it to be specialized to fast machine Int instead of slow abstract Ix and Num polymorphic code. (If it's in the same module GHC can inline and specialize at will, and things aren't INLINABLE by default because it can cause executable code bloat and slower compilation.)

Alternatively to INLINABLE , you can manually SPECIALIZE to the types you want optimized implementations for. This is a bit more verbose, but should be faster to compile in big projects (it will be specialized once per export, instead of once per import, at a rough guess).

{-# SPECIALIZE stdMult :: Array (Int, Int) Int -> Array (Int, Int) Int -> Array (Int, Int) Int #-}