如何使用 Rust 从 stdin 创建一个高效的字符迭代器？

Question

现在Read::chars迭代器已被正式弃用，在不将整个流读入内存的情况下，获取来自像 stdin 这样的Reader的字符的迭代器的正确方法是什么？

Answer 1

The corresponding issue for deprecation nicely sums up the problems with Read::chars and offers suggestions:

Code that does not care about processing data incrementally can use Read::read_to_string instead. Code that does care presumably also wants to control its buffering strategy and work with &[u8] and &str slices that are as large as possible, rather than one char at a time. It should be based on the str::from_utf8 function as well as the valid_up_to and error_len methods of theUtf8Error type. One tricky aspect is dealing with cases where a single char is represented in UTF-8 by multiple bytes where those bytes happen to be split across separate read calls / buffer chunks. ( Utf8Error::error_len returning None indicates that this may be the case.) The utf-8 crate solves this, but in order to be flexible provides an API that probably has too much surface to be included in the standard library.

Of course the above is for data that is always UTF-8. If other character encoding need to be supported, consider using the encoding_rs or encoding crate.

Your own iterator

The most efficient solution in terms of number of I/O calls is to read everything into a giant buffer String and iterate over that:

use std::io::{self, Read};

fn main() {
    let stdin = io::stdin();
    let mut s = String::new();
    stdin.lock().read_to_string(&mut s).expect("Couldn't read");
    for c in s.chars() {
        println!(">{}<", c);
    }
}

You can combine this with an answer from Is there an owned version of String::chars? :

use std::io::{self, Read};

fn reader_chars<R: Read>(mut rdr: R) -> io::Result<impl Iterator<Item = char>> {
    let mut s = String::new();
    rdr.read_to_string(&mut s)?;
    Ok(s.into_chars()) // from https://stackoverflow.com/q/47193584/155423
}

fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
    let stdin = io::stdin();

    for c in reader_chars(stdin.lock())? {
        println!(">{}<", c);
    }

    Ok(())
}

We now have a function that returns an iterator of char s for any type that implements Read .

Once you have this pattern, it's just a matter of deciding where to make the tradeoff of memory allocation vs I/O requests. Here's a similar idea that uses line-sized buffers:

use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read};

fn reader_chars<R: Read>(rdr: R) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
    // We use 6 bytes here to force emoji to be segmented for demo purposes
    // Pick more appropriate size for your case
    let reader = BufReader::with_capacity(6, rdr);

    reader
        .lines()
        .flat_map(|l| l) // Ignoring any errors
        .flat_map(|s| s.into_chars())  // from https://stackoverflow.com/q/47193584/155423
}

fn main() {
    // emoji are 4 bytes each
    let data = "😻🧐🐪💩";
    let data = data.as_bytes();

    for c in reader_chars(data) {
        println!(">{}<", c);
    }
}

The far extreme would be to perform one I/O request for every character. This wouldn't take much memory, but would have a lot of I/O overhead.

A pragmatic answer

Copy and paste the implementation of Read::chars into your own code. It will work as well as it used to.

See also:

• Is there an owned version of String::chars?
• How do you iterate over a string by character

Answer 2

As a couple others have mentioned, it is possible to copy the deprecated implementation of Read::chars for use in your own code. Whether this is truly ideal or not will depend on your use-case--for me, this proved to be good enough for now although it is likely that my application will outgrow this approach in the near-future.

To illustrate how this can be done, let's look at a concrete example:

use std::io::{self, Error, ErrorKind, Read};
use std::result;
use std::str;

struct MyReader<R> {
    inner: R,
}

impl<R: Read> MyReader<R> {
    fn new(inner: R) -> MyReader<R> {
        MyReader {
            inner,
        }
    }

#[derive(Debug)]
enum MyReaderError {
    NotUtf8,
    Other(Error),
}

impl<R: Read> Iterator for MyReader<R> {
    type Item = result::Result<char, MyReaderError>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<result::Result<char, MyReaderError>> {
        let first_byte = match read_one_byte(&mut self.inner)? {
            Ok(b) => b,
            Err(e) => return Some(Err(MyReaderError::Other(e))),
        };
        let width = utf8_char_width(first_byte);
        if width == 1 {
            return Some(Ok(first_byte as char));
        }
        if width == 0 {
            return Some(Err(MyReaderError::NotUtf8));
        }
        let mut buf = [first_byte, 0, 0, 0];
        {
            let mut start = 1;
            while start < width {
                match self.inner.read(&mut buf[start..width]) {
                    Ok(0) => return Some(Err(MyReaderError::NotUtf8)),
                    Ok(n) => start += n,
                    Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
                    Err(e) => return Some(Err(MyReaderError::Other(e))),
                }
            }
        }
        Some(match str::from_utf8(&buf[..width]).ok() {
            Some(s) => Ok(s.chars().next().unwrap());
            None => Err(MyReaderError::NotUtf8),
        })
    }
}

The above code also requires read_one_byte and utf8_char_width to be implemented. Those should look something like:

static UTF8_CHAR_WIDTH: [u8; 256] = [
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, // 0x1F
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, // 0x3F
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, // 0x5F
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, // 0x7F
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, // 0x9F
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, // 0xBF
0,0,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, // 0xDF
3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3, // 0xEF
4,4,4,4,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, // 0xFF
];

fn utf8_char_width(b: u8) -> usize {
    return UTF8_CHAR_WIDTH[b as usize] as usize;
}

fn read_one_byte(reader: &mut Read) -> Option<io::Result<u8>> {
    let mut buf = [0];
    loop {
        return match reader.read(&mut buf) {
            Ok(0) => None,
            Ok(..) => Some(Ok(buf[0])),
            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
            Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
        };
    }
}

Now we can use the MyReader implementation to produce an iterator of char s over some reader, like io::stdin::Stdin :

fn main() {
    let stdin = io::stdin();
    let mut reader = MyReader::new(stdin.lock());
    for c in reader {
        println!("{}", c);
    }
}

The limitations of this approach are discussed at length in the original issue thread . One particular concern worth pointing out however is that this iterator will not handle non-UTF-8 encoded streams correctly.