ValueError：添加Keras层时格式错误的节点或带有ast.literal_eval（）的字符串

Question

I want to build a Keras Model evaluating strings. If I do the following:

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense

model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(units=10, input_shape=(10,), activation='softmax'))

It works fine. And I can see the model.summary() .

But, when I add the layer with ast.literal_eval()

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense
import ast

model = Sequential()
code = "model.add( Dense( input_shape=(10,), units=10, activation='softmax' ) )"
ast.literal_eval(code)

It throws me the next ValueError :

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib/python3.5/ast.py", line 84, in literal_eval
    return _convert(node_or_string)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.5/ast.py", line 83, in _convert
    raise ValueError('malformed node or string: ' + repr(node))
ValueError: malformed node or string: <_ast.Call object at 0x7efc40c90e10>

If I use eval instead of ast.literal_eval it works too.

I'm using python3.5.

Answer 1

A big mistake: literal_eval only works for literals . In this case, I have a Call .

The function literal_eval first parse the string.

From /usr/lib/python3.5/ast.py: lines 38-46

def literal_eval(node_or_string):
    """
    Safely evaluate an expression node or a string containing a Python
    expression.  The string or node provided may only consist of the following
    Python literal structures: strings, bytes, numbers, tuples, lists, dicts,
    sets, booleans, and None.
    """
    if isinstance(node_or_string, str):
        node_or_string = parse(node_or_string, mode='eval')

At this point, node_or_string is an instance of Expression . Then, literal_eval get the body.

From /usr/lib/python3.5/ast.py: lines 47-48

    if isinstance(node_or_string, Expression):
        node_or_string = node_or_string.body

And finally, literal_eval checks the type of the body ( node_or_string ).

From /usr/lib/python3.5/ast.py: lines 49-84

    def _convert(node):
        if isinstance(node, (Str, Bytes)):
            return node.s
        elif isinstance(node, Num):
            return node.n
        elif isinstance(node, Tuple):
            return tuple(map(_convert, node.elts))
        elif isinstance(node, List):
            return list(map(_convert, node.elts))
        elif isinstance(node, Set):
            return set(map(_convert, node.elts))
        elif isinstance(node, Dict):
            return dict((_convert(k), _convert(v)) for k, v
                        in zip(node.keys, node.values))
        elif isinstance(node, NameConstant):
            return node.value
        elif isinstance(node, UnaryOp) and \
             isinstance(node.op, (UAdd, USub)) and \
             isinstance(node.operand, (Num, UnaryOp, BinOp)):
            operand = _convert(node.operand)
            if isinstance(node.op, UAdd):
                return + operand
            else:
                return - operand
        elif isinstance(node, BinOp) and \
             isinstance(node.op, (Add, Sub)) and \
             isinstance(node.right, (Num, UnaryOp, BinOp)) and \
             isinstance(node.left, (Num, UnaryOp, BinOp)):
            left = _convert(node.left)
            right = _convert(node.right)
            if isinstance(node.op, Add):
                return left + right
            else:
                return left - right
        raise ValueError('malformed node or string: ' + repr(node))
    return _convert(node_or_string)

If the initial code was ast.literal_eval('1+1') (for example), now node_or_string would be an instance of BinOp . But in the case of:

code = "model.add( Dense( input_shape=(10,), units=10, activation='softmax' ) )"
ast.literal_eval(code)

The body will be an instance of Call , which does not appear among the valid types of the function.

Eg:

import ast

code_nocall = "1+1"
node = ast.parse(code_nocall, mode='eval')
body = node.body
print(type(body)) # Returns <class '_ast.BinOp'>

code_call = "print('hello')"
node = ast.parse(code_call, mode='eval')
body = node.body
print(type(body)) # Returns <class '_ast.Call'>

Solution

The best solution I have found so far, to not use eval directly, is to perform the process manually. With this function:

import ast

def eval_code(code):
    parsed = ast.parse(code, mode='eval')
    fixed = ast.fix_missing_locations(parsed)
    compiled = compile(fixed, '<string>', 'eval')
    eval(compiled)

Now it works:

eval_code("print('hello world')")

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense
model = Sequential()
code = "model.add( Dense( input_shape=(10,), units=10, activation='softmax' ) )"
eval_code(code)