当队列为空时，priority_queue pop() 和 top() 的 C++ 行为

Question

C++11.

If I try to pop off of an empty priority_queue, then I get a compile time error. Specifically,

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

int main()
{
    std::priority_queue<int> pq;
    int x = pq.pop();
    std::cout << x << std::endl;
}

yields the compile-time error:

In function 'int main()': 7:20: error: void value not ignored as it ought to be

I am surprised that this is a compile-time error and not a runtime error, but that is another discussion.

What I don't understand is why the top method wouldn't do the same thing. In fact, if we change pop to top the code actually compiles and runs (albeit with a bizzare output). Specifically,

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

int main()
{
    std::priority_queue<int> pq;
    int x = pq.top();
    std::cout << x << std::endl;
}

This code compiles, runs, and exits normally, but produces no output! It literally prints nothing. I do not understand how that can be.

Here are my questions:

1. Is the behavior for pop and top defined if the priority_queue is empty? I don't see any mention of this condition in the docs .

2. How is there no output in the second case? top returns a constant reference. So it must be pointing at something. I would imagine that it simply interprets whatever piece of memory it is pointing to as an integer. But that doesn't seem to be happening. It seems like the integer is behaving something like a nullptr .

Answer 1

int x = pq.pop();

pop returns void . It is ill-formed to assign void to a variable. As the error says:

 void value not ignored as it ought to be

On the other hand:

 int x = pq.top();

It is well-formed to assign an integer to a variable.

1. Is the behavior for pop and top defined if the priority_queue is empty?

No. The behaviour is undefined (for std::priority_queue<int> . The behaviour may be defined for other underlying containers).

2. How is there no output in the second case?

The behaviour is undefined.

Specifically, I thought that UB means that you don't know what you get in the variable x.

That's correct, but an incomplete description of UB. UB means that you cannot predict anything about the behaviour of the program.

Answer 2

The behavior of calling std::priority_queue::top on an empty priority_queue depends on the underlying container.

Reference to the top element as if obtained by a call to c.front()

As your code showed, the default argument std::vector is used as the underlying container, and the behavior of calling std::vector::front on empty container is undefined; which means anything is possible.

Calling front on an empty container is undefined.

It's similar for std::priority_queue::pop , which will call pop_back on the underlying container; for std::vector::pop_back calling it on an empty container is UB too.

Calling pop_back on an empty container is undefined.

At last, std::priority_queue::pop returns nothing; that's why int x = pq.pop(); won't work (as the error message tried to tell you).

Answer 3

You are using the priority_queue incorrectly. From the docs on pop() :

Return value
(none)

Yet you try to bind that to an integral variable. This is the same as

void f() {};

int n = f();

and doesn't make any sense. Furthermore, for

int x = pq.top();

we again conclude from the docs that

Reference to the top element as if obtained by a call to c.front()

So the behavior depends on the front() member function of the underlying container. In your example, that's the default one, std::vector , hence from the docs :

Returns a reference to the first element in the container.
Calling front on an empty container is undefined.

There you are in UB land, hence don't try to conclude anything from the output of your program.