win32程序在GCC中编译，但未在G ++ HDC错误中编译

Question

I have a simple win32 program for basic opengl drawing. It will compile with gcc but if I use g++ it gives me the error:

minimal.c: In function 'HWND__* CreateOpenGLWindow(char*, int, int, int, int, BYTE, DWORD)':
minimal.c:130:24: error: cannot convert 'HDC {aka HDC__*}' to 'HWND {aka HWND__*}' for argument '1' to 'int ReleaseDC(HWND, HDC)'
     ReleaseDC(hDC, hWnd);
                        ^
minimal.c: In function 'int WinMain(HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int)':
minimal.c:160:24: error: cannot convert 'HDC {aka HDC__*}' to 'HWND {aka HWND__*}' for argument '1' to 'int ReleaseDC(HWND, HDC)'
     ReleaseDC(hDC, hWnd);

I don't know why it would compile with gcc but fail when I use g++?

here is the code:

#include <windows.h>            /* must include this before GL/gl.h */
#include <GL/gl.h>          /* OpenGL header file */
#include <GL/glu.h>         /* OpenGL utilities header file */
#include <stdio.h>


void
display()
{
    /* rotate a triangle around */
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
    glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex2i(0,  1);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    glVertex2i(-1, -1);
    glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    glVertex2i(1, -1);
    glEnd();
    glFlush();
}

LONG WINAPI
WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{ 
    static PAINTSTRUCT ps;

    switch(uMsg) {
    case WM_PAINT:
    display();
    BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
    EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
    return 0;

    case WM_SIZE:
    glViewport(0, 0, LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam));
    PostMessage(hWnd, WM_PAINT, 0, 0);
    return 0;

    case WM_CHAR:
    switch (wParam) {
    case 27:            /* ESC key */
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        break;
    }
    return 0;

    case WM_CLOSE:
    PostQuitMessage(0);
    return 0;
    }

    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam); 
} 



HWND
CreateOpenGLWindow(char* title, int x, int y, int width, int height, 
           BYTE type, DWORD flags)
{
    int         pf;
    HDC         hDC;
    HWND        hWnd;
    WNDCLASS    wc;
    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd;
    static HINSTANCE hInstance = 0;

    /* only register the window class once - use hInstance as a flag. */
    if (!hInstance) {
    hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
    wc.style         = CS_OWNDC;
    wc.lpfnWndProc   = (WNDPROC)WindowProc;
    wc.cbClsExtra    = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra    = 0;
    wc.hInstance     = hInstance;
    wc.hIcon         = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO);
    wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = NULL;
    wc.lpszMenuName  = NULL;
    wc.lpszClassName = "OpenGL";

    if (!RegisterClass(&wc)) {
        MessageBox(NULL, "RegisterClass() failed:  "
               "Cannot register window class.", "Error", MB_OK);
        return NULL;
    }
    }

    hWnd = CreateWindow("OpenGL", title, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW |
            WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN,
            x, y, width, height, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

    if (hWnd == NULL) {
    MessageBox(NULL, "CreateWindow() failed:  Cannot create a window.",
           "Error", MB_OK);
    return NULL;
    }

    hDC = GetDC(hWnd);

    /* there is no guarantee that the contents of the stack that become
       the pfd are zeroed, therefore _make sure_ to clear these bits. */
    memset(&pfd, 0, sizeof(pfd));
    pfd.nSize        = sizeof(pfd);
    pfd.nVersion     = 1;
    pfd.dwFlags      = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | flags;
    pfd.iPixelType   = type;
    pfd.cColorBits   = 32;

    pf = ChoosePixelFormat(hDC, &pfd);
    if (pf == 0) {
    MessageBox(NULL, "ChoosePixelFormat() failed:  "
           "Cannot find a suitable pixel format.", "Error", MB_OK); 
    return 0;
    } 

    if (SetPixelFormat(hDC, pf, &pfd) == FALSE) {
    MessageBox(NULL, "SetPixelFormat() failed:  "
           "Cannot set format specified.", "Error", MB_OK);
    return 0;
    } 

    DescribePixelFormat(hDC, pf, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR), &pfd);

    ReleaseDC(hDC, hWnd);

    return hWnd;
}    



int APIENTRY
WinMain(HINSTANCE hCurrentInst, HINSTANCE hPreviousInst,
    LPSTR lpszCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
    HDC hDC;                /* device context */
    HGLRC hRC;              /* opengl context */
    HWND  hWnd;             /* window */
    MSG   msg;              /* message */

    hWnd = CreateOpenGLWindow("minimal", 0, 0, 256, 256, PFD_TYPE_RGBA, 0);
    if (hWnd == NULL)
    exit(1);

    hDC = GetDC(hWnd);
    hRC = wglCreateContext(hDC);
    wglMakeCurrent(hDC, hRC);

    ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);

    while(GetMessage(&msg, hWnd, 0, 0)) {
    TranslateMessage(&msg);
    DispatchMessage(&msg);
    }

    wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
    ReleaseDC(hDC, hWnd);
    wglDeleteContext(hRC);
    DestroyWindow(hWnd);

    return msg.wParam;
}

Can someone post an explanation why the compiler for g++ would produce the HWND HDC error yet the gcc compiler accepts the code?

Answer 1

ReleaseDC(hDC, hWnd);

应该

ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

Answer 2

HANDLE s of different types ( HWND , HDC , etc.) are declared using the DECLARE_HANDLE() macro. When STRICT is defined, it has this definition:

#define DECLARE_HANDLE(name) struct name##__{int unused;}; typedef struct name##__ *name

It would seem that g++ defines this implicitly, since the version of DECLARE_HANDLE() that allows interchanging different handle types requires STRICT to not be defined, in which case DECLARE_HANDLE() has this definition instead:

#define DECLARE_HANDLE(name) typedef HANDLE name

You are calling ReleaseDC() with the parameters in the wrong order . The first parameter is an HWND ; the second parameter is an HDC . Read the documentation for it carefully. STRICT is designed to prevent such coding mistakes.

This also means that your hDC is permanently allocated, by the way.

If you ever needed to convert between handle types in C++ code (unlikely to ever need a legitimate reason for this), you will need something like:

HWND hWnd = reinterpret_cast<HWND>(hDC);