断言错误：在 Keras 中使用 multi_gpu_model() 时无法计算输出张量

Question

I have 2 Keras submodels ( model_1 , model_2 ) out of which I form my full model using keras.models.Model() by stacking them logically in "series". By this I mean that model_2 accepts the output of model_1 plus an extra input tensor and the output of model_2 is the output of my full model . The full model is created successfully and I am also able to use compile/train/predict .

However, I want to parallelize the training of model by running it on 2 GPUs, thus I use multi_gpu_model() which fails with the error:

AssertionError: Could not compute output Tensor("model_2/Dense_Decoder/truediv:0", shape=(?, 33, 22), dtype=float32)

I have tried parallelizing the two submodels individually using multi_gpu_model(model_1, gpus=2) and multi_gpu_model(model_2, gpus=2) , yet both succeed . The problem appears only with the full model.

I am using Tensorflow 1.12.0 and Keras 2.2.4 . A snippet that demonstrates the problem (at least on my machine) is:

from keras.layers import Input, Dense,TimeDistributed, BatchNormalization
from keras.layers import CuDNNLSTM as LSTM
from keras.models import Model
from keras.utils import multi_gpu_model


dec_layers = 2
codelayer_dim = 11
bn_momentum = 0.9
lstm_dim = 128
td_dense_dim = 0
output_dims = 22
dec_input_shape = [33, 44]


# MODEL 1
latent_input = Input(shape=(codelayer_dim,), name="Latent_Input")

# Initialize list of state tensors for the decoder
decoder_state_list = []

for dec_layer in range(dec_layers):
    # The tensors for the initial states of the decoder
    name = "Dense_h_" + str(dec_layer)
    h_decoder = Dense(lstm_dim, activation="relu", name=name)(latent_input)

    name = "BN_h_" + str(dec_layer)
    decoder_state_list.append(BatchNormalization(momentum=bn_momentum, name=name)(h_decoder))

    name = "Dense_c_" + str(dec_layer)
    c_decoder = Dense(lstm_dim, activation="relu", name=name)(latent_input)

    name = "BN_c_" + str(dec_layer)
    decoder_state_list.append(BatchNormalization(momentum=bn_momentum, name=name)(c_decoder))

# Define model_1
model_1 = Model(latent_input, decoder_state_list)


# MODEL 2
inputs = []

decoder_inputs = Input(shape=dec_input_shape, name="Decoder_Inputs")
inputs.append(decoder_inputs)

xo = decoder_inputs

for dec_layer in range(dec_layers):
    name = "Decoder_State_h_" + str(dec_layer)
    state_h = Input(shape=[lstm_dim], name=name)
    inputs.append(state_h)

    name = "Decoder_State_c_" + str(dec_layer)
    state_c = Input(shape=[lstm_dim], name=name)
    inputs.append(state_c)

    # RNN layer
    decoder_lstm = LSTM(lstm_dim,
                   return_sequences=True,
                   name="Decoder_LSTM_" + str(dec_layer))

    xo = decoder_lstm(xo, initial_state=[state_h, state_c])
    xo = BatchNormalization(momentum=bn_momentum, name="BN_Decoder_" + str(dec_layer))(xo)
    if td_dense_dim > 0: # Squeeze LSTM interconnections using Dense layers
        xo = TimeDistributed(Dense(td_dense_dim), name="Time_Distributed_" + str(dec_layer))(xo)

# Final Dense layer to return probabilities
outputs = Dense(output_dims, activation='softmax', name="Dense_Decoder")(xo)

# Define model_2
model_2 = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=[outputs])


# FULL MODEL
latent_input = Input(shape=(codelayer_dim,), name="Latent_Input")
decoder_inputs = Input(shape=dec_input_shape, name="Decoder_Inputs")

# Stack the two models
# Propagate tensors through 1st model
x = model_1(latent_input)
# Insert decoder_inputs as the first input of the 2nd model
x.insert(0, decoder_inputs)
# Propagate tensors through 2nd model
x = model_2(x)

# Define full model
model = Model(inputs=[latent_input, decoder_inputs], outputs=[x])

# Parallelize the model
parallel_model = multi_gpu_model(model, gpus=2)
parallel_model.summary()

Thanks a lot for any help / tips.

Answer 1

I found the solution to my problem, which I am not sure how to justify for.

The problem is caused by x.insert(0, decoder_inputs) which I substituted with x = [decoder_inputs] + x . Both seem to result in the same list of tensors, however multi_gpu_model complains in the first case.