Haskell MonadWriter类型签名

Question

Noob question on MonadWriter:

monadWrite :: Writer String Int
monadWrite = writer (3003, "log 1\n") 

Why is it that String comes first in the typesig and Int second, while 3003 is clearly an Int while "log 1\\n" is a String . Trivial I know, but I would like to understand.

Answer 1

There is no particular reason to put the result ( 3003 ) first and the output ( "log 1\\n" ) second in the argument to writer . The order was, I suppose, chosen to correspond to the internal representation of WriterT :

newtype WriterT w m a = WriterT { runWriterT :: m (a, w) }

(for Writer , m is identity).

However, in the type signature for Writer , the order of arguments matters. If we look at, for example, the Functor typeclass with a member

fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

it makes it possible to substitute Writer String (or generally, Writer result ) for f and obtain

fmap :: (a -> b) -> Writer result a -> Writer result b

which is exactly the correct order of arguments. Swapping them would make implementing Functor impossible (without some trickery).

This is true for all types/functions which take more than one parameter: the only way they can be used as one-argument types/functions is by varying the last argument, not the other ones.

See related questions discussing similar issues:

Switch order of arguments for instance declaration in Haskell

Currying out of order in Haskell