Java通配符返回类型的抽象方法

Question

The Java documentation for wildcards says that they can be used as return types but it is generally not a good idea. Is this still true if the wildcard is used as the return type for an abstract method but the class that implements this method returns a concrete type? If not, what is the best way to handle this type of situation. Consider the example below. In this case, Entity might be modeled after a JSON REST response, where in the second case the result is just a list of Strings. Is it better to use List<Object> as the return type or something else entirely?

public abstract class AbstractClient {
    public abstract List<?> listEntities();
}

public class ConcreteClient {
    @Override
    public List<Entity> listEntities();
}

public class ConcreteClient2 {
    @Override
    public List<String> listEntities();
}

Answer 1

In such a case it is better to use generics properly instead of using wildcards. Use a type parameter and extend the abstract class with the appropriate argument for the type parameter:

public abstract class AbstractClient<T> {
    public abstract List<T> listEntities();
}

public class ConcreteClient extends AbstractClient<Entity> {
    @Override
    public List<Entity> listEntities();
}

public class ConcreteClient2 extends AbstractClient<String> {
    @Override
    public List<String> listEntities();
}