从我的 Python 模块导入另一个模块

Question

I have a Python module directory structure like this:

my_module
|--__init__.py
|--public_interface
|  |--__init__.py
|  |--my_sub_module
|  |  |--__init__.py
|  |  |--code.py
|  |--some_more_code.py
|--other directories omitted

Now, the public_interface directory (among several others) is only there to organize the code into logical sub-units, as a guideline for me and other developers. The eventual user of my_module shall only see it as my_module.my_sub_module without the public_interface in-between.

I wrote these __init__.py files:

my_module.__init__.py :

 from .public_interface import *

and

my_module.public_interface.__init__.py :

 from . import my_sub_module from .some_more_code import *

and

my_module.public_interface.my_sub_module.__init__.py :

 from .code import *

This works fine as long as the user imports only the top-level module:

import my_module

my_module.my_sub_module.whatever  # Works as intended

However, this does not work:

from my_module import my_sub_module

nor:

import my_module.my_sub_module

What would I have to change to make these last two imports work?

Answer 1

The import system only allows actual packages and modules to be imported directly as part of the dotted module name, but your:

from .public_interface import *

hack just makes my_sub_module an attribute of the my_module package, not an actual submodule for the purposes of the import system. It breaks for the same reason doing:

from collections._sys import *

breaks; yes, as an implementation detail, the collections package happens to import sys aliased to _sys , but that doesn't actually make _sys a subpackage of collections , it's just one of many attributes on the collections package. From the import machinery's point of view, my_sub_module is no more a submodule of my_module than _sys is of collections ; the fact that nested in a sub-directory under my_module is irrelevant.

That said, the import system provides a hook to allow you to treat additional arbitrary directories as being part of package, the __path__ attribute . By default, __path__ just includes the path to the package itself (so my_module 's __path__ defaults to ['/absolute/path/to/my_module'] ), but you can programmatically manipulate it however you want; when resolving submodules, it will search only through the final contents of __path__ , much like importing top level modules searches sys.path . So to resolve your particular case (wanting all packages/modules in public_interface to be importable without specifying public_interface in the import line), just change your my_module/__init__.py file to have the following contents:

import os.path
__path__.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'public_interface'))

All that does is tell the import system that, when import mymodule.XXXX occurs ( XXXX is a placeholder for a real name), if it can't find my_module/XXXX or my_module/XXXX.py , it should look for my_module/public_interface/XXXX or my_module/public_interface/XXXX.py . If you want it to search public_interface first, change it to:

__path__.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'public_interface'))

or to have it only check public_interface (so nothing directly under my_module is importable at all), use:

__path__[:] = [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'public_interface')]

to replace the contents of __path__ entirely.

---

Side-note: You might wonder why os.path is an exception to this rule; on CPython, os is a plain module with an attribute path (which happens to be the module posixpath or ntpath depending on platform), yet you can do import os.path . This works because the os module, while being imported, explicitly (and hackily) populates the sys.modules cache for os.path . This isn't normal, and it has a performance cost; import os must always import os.path implicitly, even if nothing from os.path is ever used. __path__ avoids that problem; nothing is imported unless requested.

You could achieve the same result by making my_module/__init__.py contain:

import sys
from .public_interface import my_sub_module

sys.modules['my_module.my_sub_module'] = my_sub_module

which would allow people to use my_module.my_submodule having only done import my_module , but that would force any import of my_module to import public_interface and my_sub_module , even if nothing from my_sub_module is ever used. os.path continues to do it for historical reasons (using os.path APIs with only import os a long time ago, and a lot of code relies on that misbehavior because programmers are lazy and it worked), but new code shouldn't use this hack.