[英]C++ copy Constructor and default constructor
i am learning c++ and have found a output which i dont really understand.我正在学习 C++ 并发现了一个我不太理解的输出。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
A(){ cout << "A+" << endl;}
A(const A&){ cout << "A(A)" << endl;}
~A(){cout << "A-" << endl;}
};
class B{
public:
B(){ cout << "B+" << endl;}
B(const B&){cout << "B(B)" << endl;}
~B(){cout << "B-" << endl;}
private:
A a;
};
class C : public A{
public:
C(const B& b) : b1(b) { cout << "C+" << endl;}
~C(){ cout << "C-" << endl;}
private:
B b1,b2;
};
void test(A a){
A m(a);
}
int main(){
B b;
C c(b);
test(c);
return 0;
}
the output is输出是
A+
B+
A+
A+
B(B)
A+
B+
C+
A(A)
A(A)
A-
A-
C-
B-
A-
B-
A-
A-
B-
A-
I mean the first one, B goes to default sees a we got a member from type A and goes to A thats the A+
than goes back to B and print B+
.我的意思是第一个,B 进入默认状态,看到我们从类型 A 中获得了一个成员,然后转到 A,即
A+
,然后返回到 B 并打印B+
。 Thats it with B b;
B b;
than C c(b)
it goes to C, see its public A goes to A and print A+ than goes back see we got a Member B b1,b2 goes to B and B have a member A and goes agean to A and print A+
and than i dont understand why B(B) ?比
C c(b)
它转到 C,看到它的公共 A 转到 A 并打印 A+ 然后返回看到我们有一个成员 B b1,b2 转到 B 并且 B 有一个成员 A,然后转到 A 并打印A+
然后我不明白为什么是 B(B) ? after this B(B)i dont understand anything.. i try it to debugg but it didnt help me very much, maybe someone can explain why this works like this?在这个 B(B) 之后我什么都不明白..我尝试调试但它对我没有太大帮助,也许有人可以解释为什么会这样?
If I have understood correctly your question you are trying to understand the output如果我正确理解了您的问题,那么您正在尝试理解输出
A+
A+
B(B)
A+
B+
C+
that corresponds to this declaration对应于这个声明
C c(b);
The class C has base class A C类有基类A
class C : public A{
So the constructor of the class A is called所以A类的构造函数被调用
A+
then the data member b1 is created然后创建数据成员 b1
C(const B& b) : b1(b) { cout << "C+" << endl;}
The class B in turn has data member A类 B 又具有数据成员 A
class B{
public:
B(){ cout << "B+" << endl;}
B(const B&){cout << "B(B)" << endl;}
~B(){cout << "B-" << endl;}
private:
A a;
};
So when the copy constructor of the class B is called the data member a
is created所以当类 B 的拷贝构造函数被调用时,数据成员
a
被创建
A+
B(B)
The class C has one more data member of the class B. It is the data member b2.类 C 具有类 B 的另一个数据成员。它是数据成员 b2。 So these constructors are called
所以这些构造函数被称为
A+
B+
And at last the body of the constructor C gets control最后,构造函数 C 的主体获得了控制权
C+
Destructors get the control in the reverse order relative to the order of creating objects.析构函数以与创建对象的顺序相反的顺序获得控制权。
So the destructors output of the object c
looks the following way所以对象
c
的析构函数输出如下所示
C-
B-
A-
B-
A-
A-
You can make the program output more clear with minor changes of the program.您可以通过对程序的微小更改使程序输出更加清晰。
For example例如
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
A(){ cout << "A+" << endl;}
A(const A&){ cout << "A(A)" << endl;}
~A(){cout << "A-" << endl;}
};
class B{
public:
B() : i( n++ ) { cout << "B+" << ' ' << i << endl;}
B(const B&) : i( n++ ) {cout << "B(B)" << ' ' << i << endl;}
~B(){cout << "B-" << ' ' << i << endl;}
private:
size_t i;
static size_t n;
A a;
};
size_t B::n;
class C : public A{
public:
C(const B& b) : b1(b) { cout << "C+" << endl;}
~C(){ cout << "C-" << endl;}
private:
B b1,b2;
};
void test(A a){
A m(a);
}
int main(){
B b;
std::cout << '\n';
C c(b);
std::cout << '\n';
test(c);
std::cout << '\n';
}
The program output of this updated program is这个更新程序的程序输出是
A+
B+ 0
A+
A+
B(B) 1
A+
B+ 2
C+
A(A)
A(A)
A-
A-
C-
B- 2
A-
B- 1
A-
A-
B- 0
A-
Lets take a closer look at the C
constructor (slightly reformatted):让我们仔细看看
C
构造函数(稍微重新格式化):
C(const B& b)
:
b1(b)
{
cout << "C+" << endl;
}
First the A
constructor will be invoked, as it's a base-class for C
.首先将调用
A
构造函数,因为它是C
的基类。 That will print A+
.这将打印
A+
。
Then the b1
member will be copy-constructed, which will print first A+
because of the B::a
member, followed by B(B)
in the B
copy-constructor body.然后
b1
成员将被复制构造,由于B::a
成员,它将首先打印A+
,然后是B
复制构造函数体中的B
B(B)
。
Then the b2
member will be default constructed, which will print A+
(again because of the B::a
member) followed by B+
.然后
b2
成员将被默认构造,它将打印A+
(再次因为B::a
成员),然后是B+
。
Then the C
constructor body will run which will print C+
.然后
C
构造函数体将运行,它将打印C+
。
The C
constructor is really equivalent to this (with comments added): C
构造函数实际上与此等效(添加了注释):
C(const B& b)
: A(), // Prints A+
b1(b), // Prints A+ and B(B)
b2() // Prints A+ and B+
{
cout << "C+" << endl; // Prints C+
}
Hopefully this will make it easier to see what's going on.希望这将使您更容易了解正在发生的事情。
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