澄清行为：collections.defaultdict vs dict.setdefault

Question

dict provides .setdefault() , which will allow you to assign values, of any type, to missing keys on the fly:

>>> d = dict()
>>> d.setdefault('missing_key', [])
[]
>>> d
{'missing_key': []}

Whereas, if you use defaultdict to accomplish the same task, then the default value is generated on demand whenever you try to access or modify a missing key:

>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> d = defaultdict(list)
>>> d['missing_key']
[]
>>> d
defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {'missing_key': []})

However, the following piece of code implemented with defaultdict raises a KeyError instead of creating the item with default value, {} :

trie = collections.defaultdict(dict)
for word in words:
    t = trie
    for c in word:
        t = t[c]
    t["*"] = word

Using .setdefault() works ok:

trie = {}
for word in words:
    t = trie
    for c in word:
        t = t.setdefault(c, {})
    t["*"] = word

checking before access, works ok too:

trie = {}
for word in words:
    t = trie
    for c in word:
        if c not in t:
           t[c] = {}
        t = t[c]
    t["*"] = word

What am I missing when using collections.defaultdict() ?

NB I am trying to build a Trie structure out of a list of words. For example:

words = ["oath", "pea", "eat", "rain"]
trie = {'o': {'a': {'t': {'h': {'*': 'oath'}}}}, 'p': {'e': {'a': {'*': 'pea'}}}, 'e': {'a': {'t': {'*': 'eat'}}}, 'r': {'a': {'i': {'n': {'*': 'rain'}}}}}

Answer 1

In your first example, when you do t = t[c], t becomes a regular empty dict (because that's what you tell the defaultdict to generate in the definition of trie ).

Let's run through the loop with your example word "oath" :

1) t = trie, word = "oath"
2) c = "o"
3) t = t[c]
  3.1) evaluation of t[c] # "o" is not in trie, so trie generates an empty dict at key "o" and returns it to you
  3.2) assignment to t -> t is now the empty dict. If you were to run (t is trie["o"]), it would evaluate to True after this line
4) c = "a"
5) t = t[c]
  5.1) Evaluation of t[c] -> "a" is not in the dict t. This is a regular dict, raise KeyError.

Unfortunately, I can't think of a way to use defaultdict here ( but Marius could, see this answer ), because of the arbitrary nesting of a Trie. You'd need to define the trie as a defaultdict that, in case of missing key, generates a default dict that itself generates a default dict in case of missing key , recursively until maximum depth (which, in principle, is unknown).

IMO, the best way to implement this is with the setdefault as you did in your second example.

Answer 2

GPhilo's answer is perfectly fine and, indeed, I also believe that setdefault is the proper way of doing it.

However, if one prefers to use the defaultdict , it can be easily achieved like this:

def ddnestedconst(): 
    """collections.defaultdict nested-ish constructor."""
    return collections.defaultdict(ddnestedconst) 

# ...

trie = collections.defaultdict(ddnestedconst)
# or, being the same:
#trie = ddnestedconst()

for word in words:
    t = trie
    for c in word:
        t = t[c]
    t["*"] = word

May feel a little bit strange at first, but I find it perfectly readable and semantically accurate.

Reached that point, you may also prefer to create a new class altogether, inspired by defaultdict , but including all the semantics and specific behaviour that you expect from it.